Nothing About Us Without Us
Developing Innovative Technologies
For, By and With Disabled Persons
After-Thoughts:
Communication as if ALL People Matter
The Communications Age: Still a Need for Simple, Clear Alternatives
Some say we now live in The Age of Global Communications. The owners and decision-makers of our shrinking earth communicate with one another, world-wide, through computers, fax machines, and electronic mail (e-mail). They say that those who do not master the New Communication Technology will be left behind.
In fact, much of humanity has already been left behind. Today there are more hungry children in the world than ever before - not because of a lack of food and resources, but because of the growing inequality of distribution of resources. The model of global development based on greed rather than need has led to a brutal concentration of wealth. Today the world's 477 richest people (billionaires) have a total wealth greater than that of the poorest half of humanity. Most disabled people belong to this poorest half.
For the poorer half of humanity, communication tools remain basic. Most of the world's people - including most disabled people - have no access to computers, e-mail, or the Internet (a world-wide electronic information-sharing network). They still communicate with one another simply and directly, sharing information through spoken words, signs, pictures, gestures, and expressions.
This book has been written for disabled people and those concerned for their well-being. Most such persons lack costly communications equipment. They learn primarily through spoken and printed language, pictures, and direct hands-on experience.
One of my own biggest challenges as a health educator and disabled activist has been to demystify medical and technical knowledge and present it so that persons with little formal education can use it. The books that have grown out of this process include Where There Is No Doctor, Helping Health Workers Learn, and Disabled Village Children.
In preparing these books, my co-workers and I have tried to follow a few basic guidelines for making them readable, interesting, and useful, including for those who do not have a lot of practice reading. These guidelines are on the following page.
Suggestions For Effective Information-Sharing in Print
1.Use lots of pictures. A picture is worth 1000 words.
- Simple line drawings are very useful for showing ways to do things. Try to make drawings of people realistic and attractive.
- Photographs add life. They help to make messages and alternatives more believable.
- To hold the attention of those who do not read much, try to use pictures on almost every page. Persons who are not used to using an index can flip through the pages, looking at the pictures to find the topic they want.
2.Keep language simple. Avoid specialized terms and big words. Say things in the day-to-day language of ordinary people. If you do use a less familiar term, explain it when you first use it. A list explaining difficult words may help.
3.Keep sentences and paragraphs short. Try to limit sentences to about 20 words. Look for ways to break longer sentences into shorter pieces. Also break up long paragraphs.
4.Add human interest. Use personal stories and real-life examples. In presenting information and innovative approaches, give examples of how persons have used and adapted them. Include enough details so the persons described seem human and interesting.
5.Present information simply, but not simplistically. People with little formal schooling are just as smart as anyone else. Often they have more skills for meeting basic needs (for example, producing food) than do scholars. Speak to them IN their terms and ON their terms, as equals. Do not talk down to them. They can understand complex ideas if you start with what they know, and build on that.
6.Develop and test the materials with a number of intended users. Be sure to include users or readers who have little formal education, or know least about the subject matter. Ask them if they understand it, enjoy it, and find the information or ideas important and useful. Ask what they like most, and what they like least about it, and if they have any suggestions for making it better.
7. Use bolding, BIG PRINT, italics, shading and boxes to emphasize important points. Also use "bullets" and arrows.
Resource List 1
Programs and Organizations Promoting Innovative Technologies
This is a partial list of organizations and programs that help in developing assistive equipment at the community level. Included are programs that run training workshops or welcome apprentices who want to exchange ideas and explore "appropriate technologies." Some associations or parent organizations are listed that may be able to provide more local information and addresses in different countries. Those that contributed to the information in this book are marked with an asterisk (*).
Action on Disability and Development (ADD), 23 Lower Keyford, Frome, Somerset BAI 1 4AP, UK. Tel: (44-1373) 473064. Contact: Michael Albu, ADD Mobility Service. Community rehabilitation programs in several countries. Help in starting workshops for wheelchairs, tricycles and other equipment; advice on designs, training, administration. | African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Wilson Airport, PO Box 30125, Nairobi, Kenya. Network of community health programs throughout Africa. |
* Appropriate Health Resources and Technologies Action Group (AHRTAG), Farringdon Point, 29-35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JB, UK. Tel: (44-171) 2420606. Contact: Ann Robins, Disability and Rehabilitation Unit. Information and resources on primary health care and rehabilitation in the Third World. | * Appropriate Mobility International, PO Box 3198, 2601 DD Delft, The Netherlands. Tel/Fax: (31-15) 2 12 22 70. Contact: Joep Verweij. Design and documentation of tricycles and other mobility aids. |
* Appropriate Technology International, 1331 H Street NW, Washington DC 20005, USA. Advice on setting up workshops and training for Whirlwind wheelchairs. | Arigel's Haven Society, CPO Box 2840, Seoul, Korea. Contact: Roh Jae Dong. Walking and seating aids. |
* CBR Centre, PPRBM, JI Lu, Adisucipto Km7, Colomadu, Solo 57176, Indonesia | * Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed, PO CRP, Chapain, Savar, Dhaka, 1343 Bangladesh. Tel: (880-2) 06226 464/465; Fax: (880-2) 837969. Contact: Valerie Taylor. Training of orthopedic technicians and setting up small workshops. Many innovations in wheelchairs, trollies, and other aids. |
CEPRI (Center for the Promotion of Integrated Rehabilitation, Managua, Nicaragua), Apto 5765, Managua, Nicaragua. Tel: (505 2) 663608. A program of families of disabled people. Good self-help manuals in Spanish for and by disabled, especially spinal-cord injured, persons. | * Christian Medical College, Rehabilitation Center, Vellore 632004, Tamilnadu, India. Contact: Dr. S. Bhattacharjee. Wide variety of innovative aids, wheelchairs, protective cushions for spinal-cord injured persons. Re-training in daily skills for rural life. |
Christoffel Blindenmission, Nibelungenstrasse 124, D-6140 Bensheim 4, Germany. Africa Regional Office-East, PO Box 58004, Nairobi, Kenya. Low-cost treatment of eye disease, spectacle-making, and optical equipment. | * CISAS (Center for Health Information and Advisory Services) Apto. 3267, Managua, Nicaragua. Tel: (505-2) 661-662; Fax: (505-2) 224-098; e-mail: cisas@ibw.com.ni. Contacts: Maria Zuniga, Martín Reyes. Promotes community based health care and rehabilitation throughout Nicaragua. Also Child-to-Child involving disabled children in much of Latin America. |
* Colombo Friend-in-Need Society, 171 Sir James Peiris Mawatha, Colombo 2, Sri Lanka. Contact: Mrs. Swarna Ferdinand, Project Manager, Jaipur Foot Programme. Artificial limbs. | The Disabled Living Centres Council, 380-384 Harrow Road, London W9 2HU. Contact: Tony Travis. Resource centre for information, and trials of equipment. |
* Disabled People International, 101-7 Evergreen Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3L 2T3, Canada. International association of national organizations of disabled persons. Tel: (204) 287-8010. Many country programs are involved in community based rehabilitation and some in innovative technologies. | * Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), UN Building, Rajadaminern Ave. Bangkok 10200 Thailand. Tel: (662) 2881234; Fax: (662) 2881000. Contact: San Yuenwah. Workshops, documentation, and networking on assistive devices. |
Guyana Community Based Rehabilitation Programme, c/o European Commission, PO Box 10847, Georgetown, Guyana. Tel: (592 2) 42249. Fax: (592 2) 62615. Contact: Brian O'Toole. International training programs in CBR and child development. Good teaching materials. | * Handicap International, Home office, 18 rue de Gerland, 69007 Lyon, France. Tel: (933 47) 861-1737. Contact: Jean-Baptiste Richardier. Orthopedic and rehabilitation equipment; designs, advice. |
* Handicap International - India, No.4 Ghandi Street, Colas Nagar, Pondicherry 605001, India. Contact: Xavier Mariadoss. Plastic-bucket braces. | Handicap Internationai - Pakistan, Ahmadzai Colony, Sariab Road, Quetta, Pakistan. Contact: Pascal Simon. Limbs, wheelchairs, seating and walking aids. |
* HealthWrights, P.O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 94302, USA; E-mail: healthrights@igc.apc.org. Web site: http://www.healthwrights.org. Contact: David Werner. Development and publication of educational and self-help materials for community based health care and rehabilitation. Works with PROJIMO (see below) on innovative assistive equipment. | ILO, Center for International Cooperation and Appropriate Technology (CICAT/DUT). Stevinweg 1, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Contact: Joep Verweij. Information on hand-power tricycles, worldwide. Detailed instructional materials with fine computer-drafted drawings. |
* Institute of Child Health, Department of Growth and Development, 30 Guilford Street, London WCIN 1EH. Tel: (44-71) 242-9789. Information and research on planning health care. Course for trainers of Community Based Rehabilitation. | Intermediate Technology Information Ring, Nudestraat 4, 6701 CE Wageningen, The Netherlands. Information on assistive devices and opthalmologic instruments. |
* Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1 B 4HH, UK. Tel/Fax: (44-171) 436-2013. Publishing and supply of books on appropriate technology, tools, and workshop equipment. | * International Commission on Technology and Accessibility (ICTA) Infomation Center, Box 510, S-162 15 Vallingby, Sweden. Tel: (46 8) 620-1700. Contact: Tomas Lagerwall. Documents appropriate assistive technologies. Conducts seminars and hands-on workshops in Africa and Asia. Useful publications on assistive devices. |
The Jairos Jiri Foundation, PO Box 1529, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Calipers, walking and sitting aids, wheelchairs, low-cost adaptations for children. | * Liliane Stichting Fonds, P.O. Box 75, 5250 Vlijmen, Holland. Tel: (31) 7351-19029; Fax: (31) 7351-17354. Contact: Kees van der Broeck. Helps cover disability-related costs for individual children in poor countries. Also helps cover some costs of community programs for disabled children. |
* Mobility India, c/o The Association of the Physically Handicapped (APH), Hennur Road, St. Thomas Town, Lingarajapuram, Bangalore, 560084, Karnataka, India. Tel: (91-80) 5475165/or 5470390. Contact: Chapal Khasnabis (Mobility India), or N.S. Hema or D.M. Naidu (APH). Local production and training in high quality assistive and orthopedic aids. | * Mukti, 93 Loyds Road, Madras-600 014 India. Tel: (91-44) 477498. Contact: Meena Dadha. Runs mobile limb-making clinics to villages. Make low-cost "Mukti limbs" out of plastic pipe, with Jaipur feet. |
Norwegian International Disability Alliance, P.O. Box 9218 Gronland, 0134 Oslo, Norway. Tel: 2217 4647; Fax: 2217 6177. email: srimapost@sbs.nida.msmail.telemax.no. Contact: Harald Lundqvist. Links with many disability groups and programs in Norway and beyond doing advocacy and innovative work. | * People Potential, Plum Cottage, Hattingley Road, Medstead, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 5NQ, UK. Tel: or Fax: (01420) 563741. Contact: Ken Westmacott. Design of aids for disabled persons; training in low-cost production of wide range of rehabilitation aids, including appropriate paper-based technology (APT). |
* PROJIMO (Program of Rehabilitation Organized by Disabled Youth of Western Mexico). Apto. Postal 9, San Ignacio, Sinaloa, 82900, Mexico. Contact: Mari Picos and Conchita Lara. Community rehabilitation program. Disabled craftspersons design and make a wide range of assistive equipment. Peer counseling. Workshops and occasional short courses. | Rehabilitation and Limb Centre, K.G. Medical College, Lucknow, India. Contact: Prof. M.K. Goel. Limbs, appliances, walking and seating aids. |
* Rehabilitation Centre, SMS Medical College, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India. Jaipur Limb. Many other aids. | Relevant Technology Workshops, PMB 2174, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Wheelchairs, tricycles, hospital equipment. |
* RESCU, 21 Harare Street, PO Box 66044, Kopje, Harare, Zimbabwe. Contact: P. Gumete, Sheltered Workshop Manager. Wheelchair design, production and supply. | * Sarvodaya Economic Enterprises Development Services, 41 Lumbiri Avenue, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka. Wheelchair production. Community based rehabilitation. |
* Spastics Society of Tamilnadu (SPASTN), Opposite TTTI, Taramani Road, Madras 600113, Tamilnadu, India. Tel & Fax: (91-44) 2350047. Contact: Aloka Guha. Wide variety of assistive aids and special seating. Karate for disabled children. | * Stichting Demotech-Design for Self-Reliance, Postbus 303, 6950 AH Dieren, The Netherlands. Contact: Reinder van Tijen. Innovative designs for energy-saving, simple living. Gravity-lift elevator. Communication tools. |
* Tahanan Walang Hagdanang (House With No Stairs), 61 Banawe Street, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel (63 2) 695-2576. Wheelchairs built by wheelchair riders. | * Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC), P.O. Box 49, St Albans, Herts ALI 4AX. Tel: (44 1727) 853-869; Fax: 846-852. Supplier of training materials; books on health care and disability, including those by David Werner. |
* Viklang Kendra Research Society, Rehabilitation Centre for the Handicapped 13, Lukerganj, Allahabad, 211001, India. Contact: Dr. Bhanerjee. Innovative appliances, limbs, and wheelchairs made from bamboo. | * Volunteer Health Association of India (VHAI), Tong Swasthya Bhawan, 40 Institutional Area (Behind Qutab Hotel), New Delhi 110016, India. Tel: (91-11) 6518071-72; Fax: (91 11) 6953708. Contacts with many community rehabilitation programs throughout India. Many publications. Indian version of Disabled Village Children. |
* Wheeled Mobility Center, School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA. Tel: (415) 338-2878. Contact: Ralf Hotchkiss or Peter Pfaelzer. World-wide network of wheelchair designers and builders. Hands~on courses in wheelchair building in many countries. | * World Health Organization (WHO), 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Contact: Dr. Enrico Pupulin, Chief Medical Officer, Rehabilitation. Tel: (41 22) 791 3656. Fax: (41 22) 791 4874. WHO has promoted Community Based Rehabilitation in many counties, and produced many valuable resource materials. |
* Worth Trust, 48 Thiruvalam Road, Katpadi 632007, Tamilnadu, India. Contact: Bos Cruz. Disabled workers produce a wide variety of assistive devices, from sophisticated to simple. Innovative research with carbon-fiber braces. |
Resource List 2
Reading and Teaching Materials
This is a short list of writings and teaching materials about or relevant to innovative technologies for disabled persons. Many of these writings share the vision of self-determination and enablement that are encouraged in this book. For a more complete list of early writings (before 1987) on ideas and aids for community based rehabilitation, see the Reference List in Disabled Village Children (see below). For more up-to-date lists, write to AHRTAG, TALC, Handicap International, or ICTA. Their addresses can be found below in the entries marked with an asterisk (*). The addresses are also in Resource List 1, pages 341-342.
* Appropriate Paper-Based Technology. Slide show. Available from Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC), PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL1 5TX, UK. Price 4.50 pounds for self-mounted slides, 6.20 pounds for mounted slides. | * Appropriate Technology - an essential part of a CBR programme, by Tomas Lagerwall. 1995. 21 pages, free. ICTA Information Center, Box 510, S-162 15, Vallingby, Sweden. |
Asia-Pacific Disability Aids and Appliances Handbook. 1982. 84 pages. ACROD, P.O. Box 60, Curtin, A.C.T., 2605, Australia. | Behold Your Body: Anatomy and Physiology Anyone Can Enjoy, Volume One, by Charlene Penner. 1996. 400 pages. Rose Bud Publishing, 17126 Mt. Woodson Road, Ramona, CA 92065, USA. US$34.95. |
"Build Yourself" Plastic Wheelchair. Directions for assembly available from Spinal Research Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. | * Disabled Village Children: A guide for community health workers, rehabilitation workers and families, by David Werner. 1987. 664 pages. Available in English and Spanish through HealthWrights, P.O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 94302, USA., or through TALC, PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL 5TX, UK. Also available - from other sources - in French, Portuguese, and other languages. Write HealthWrights for information. |
* Essential CBR Information Resources: an international listing of publications. 1996. 34 pages. AHRTAG (Appropriate Health Resources and Technologies Action Group), Farringdon Point, 29-35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JB, UK. AHRTAG also produces several basic books on low-cost aids. These include:
All these books are also available from TALC, PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL 5TX, UK. |
Functional Aids for the Multiply Handicapped, by Isabel Robinault, Harper and Row, Hagerstown, MD, USA. (Mostly factory built examples, but some good design ideas.) |
Guidlines for the Prevention of Deformities in Polio. World Health Organization, 1995. 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. | Handling the Young Cerebral Palsied Child at Home, by Nancy Finnie. Dutton Sunrise, 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA, 1975. 337 pages. Excellent, very complete information for home care, with many simple, practical aids and devices. |
Helping Health Workers Learn, by David Werner. 1982. 632 pages. Available through HealthWrights, P.O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 94302, USA. People-centered methodologies. Useful section on Child-to-Child. | Independence through Mobility, A guide to the manufacture of the ATI-Hotchkiss Wheelchair, by Ralf Hotchkiss. 1985. 162 pages. Available through Wheeled Mobility Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco CA 94132, USA. |
The Jaipur above-knee prosthetic systems: fabrication manual, by M.K. Mathur. 1989. 47 pages. SMS Medical Centre, Jaipur 302 004, India. | The Lever-Powered Tricycle, Manufactured in Burkina Faso. 1995. 100 pages. Handicap International, ERAC, 14, Avenue Berthelot, 69361 Lyon, cedex 07, France. Price 55 FF. Handicap International (HI) also has many excellent booklets and videos on appropriate technologies for disabled persons, including artificial limbs, braces, wheelchairs, and crutches designs. Write HI for a list. |
Local Production of Appropriate Technical Aids for Disabled People, Report from a Rehabilitation International workshop in Kibwezi, Kenya. 1992. 32 pages. ICTA Information Center, Box 510, S-162 15, Vallingby, Sweden. | Making Health-Care Equipment: Ideas for local design and production, by Adam Platt and Nicola Carter. 1990. 80 pages. Intermediate Technology Productions. 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. (Good wheelchair, convertible wheelchair-tricycle, and many other designs.) |
A Manual: Appropriate Paper-Based Technology (APT), by Bevill Packer. Revised 1995. 120 pages. Intermediate Technology Publication , Ltd. 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. | More With Less: Aids for Disabled People in Daily Life, by Gery van der Hulst and others. 1993. TOOL Publications, Sarphatistraat 650, 1018 AV Amsterdam, Netherlands. |
A Plastic Caliper for Children, by Handicap International staff at its Pondicherry, India branch. Available through Handicap International, or from ERAC, 14 avenue Berthelot, 69361 Lyon cedex 07, France. | Positioning the Client with Central Nervous System Deficits: The wheelchair and other adopted equipment. Andrienne Falk Bergen and others. Second edition 1985. 237 pages. Valhalla Rehabilitation Publications, PO Box 195, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. |
Promoting the Development of Young Children with Cerebral palsy: A Guide for Mid-Level Rehabilitation Worker, World Health Organization, 1993. 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. | Questioning the Solution: The Politics of primary Health Care and Child Survival, by David Werncr and David Sanders. 1997, 2oe pages, HealthWrights, P, O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 943oa, USA. |
Rehabilitation technology in community-based rehabilitation: a compendium, by S. Olney, T. Packe and U. Wyss. Kingston, 1994. 212 pages. Available from School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queens University, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. | Special Seating, by Jean Anne Zollars. Second edition 1992. 92 pages. Otto Bock Orthopedic Industry, Inc., Rehab Publications, 3000 Xenium Lane, Minneapolis, MN 55441, USA. |
Teaching Yogasana to Mentally Retarded Persons, by Vijay Human Services. 1988. 120 pages. Krishnamacharya Yoga Maniram, 13 Fourth Cross Street, A.K. Nagar, Madras 600 028, India. | Training in the Community for People with Disabilities, by Einer Helander et al. 1989. 582 pages. Available in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. |
Tricycle Production Manual, by Annemiek van Boeijen, Joep Verweij, et al. 1996. 110 pages. CICAT/DUT Stevinweg l, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Joep Verweij and friends have also put together an excellent Inventory of Tricycle Models with examples and photos from around the world.
For additional tricycle design resources, see page 202. |
UPKARAN: A manual of aids for the multiply handicapped. 106 pages. Spastics Society of India, Upper Colaba Road, Opposite Afghan Church, Colaba, Bombay, 400-005 India. |
We can play and move: a manual to help disabled children learn to move by playing with others, by Sophie Levitt. 1992. 56 pages. Available from TALC, PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL 5TX, UK. |
INDEX
This INDEX lists in alphabetical order most of the topics and names included in this book:
- Names of PERSONS who appear in the stories are listed in the Index like this:
CARINA; CONCHITA LARA, EDGAR; MARI PICOS (first names first). - Names of assistive devices and technologies appear like this:
braces, communication boards, wheelchairs. - Names of different disabilities or problems are listed like this:
blindness; speech problems, spinal-cord injury. - Names of "books" are listed like this:
"Handling the Cerebral Palsied Child at Home." - Names of organizations are listed like this:
Handicap International, People Potential. - All other entries are listed in ordinary letters, like this:
India, land mines, women's rights.
A
- Abandonment, 308, 335
- ABEL, 267
- Abuse by authorities, 260-261, 197
- Academia de Inglés Golden Gate, 205, 315
- Accessibility, 13, 199, 231, 227
- Accidents, 183, 207, 239, 258, 282, 331
- Action on Disability & Development, 202, 341
- AFO (ankle-foot orthosis), (see Braces)
- Africa, 11, 27, 65, 173, 188, 191, 199
- AHRTAG (Appropriate Health Resources and Technologies Group), 202, 341
- AIDÉ, 221-223
- Aids and equipment, (see names of equipment. Also see Harmful devices)
- Ajoya, Mexico, 1, 275, 302, 319, 338
- ALAIN CANE, 178
- Alcoholics-and-Drugs-Anonymous, 268
- Alcoholism, 2, 268, 304, 319, 198, 307
- ALEJANDRO, 197-200, 205, 261
- ALICIA, 149-151, 153-154
- AliMed, 101
- ALONZO, 213-216
- ALVALO, 260
- AMELIA, 40
- Amnesty International, 260
- Amputation, 107, 296, (also see Legs artificial)
- care of stump, 180
- of hands or arms, 256, 260
- from land mines, 173, 178, 180
- wheelchair for person with, 189
- ANDRÉS, 137-139, 330
- Anemia, 77
- ANGEL, 269-270
- Anger, and depression, 235, 239
- Angola, 135, 173-182
- disabled people's organization in, 179
- ANN HALLUM, 21, 23, 103, 137, 181, 292
- Apprenticeship, 2, 4
- "Appropriate Disability Design," 135
- Appropriate Mobility International (AMI), 203-204
- Appropriate paper-based technology (APT), 65-74;
- instructions for, 72
- paper and cardboard devices include:
- Appropriate technology, 184, 257
- not always appropriate, 225
- Arab marketplace, 135
- Arch-supports, 83
- Arm rocker, for a paralyzed arm, 175, 311
- ARMANDO NEVÁREZ, 20, 23, 39, 81, 98, 100, 102, 110-111, 200, 222, 258
- Armrests, 59-60
- Art work by disabled children, 313-3l4
- Arthritis, 135, 201, 256, 294, 338
- Artificial leg, (see Legs, artificial)
- Asia, 28, 119, 185
- "Asia-Pacific Disability Aids and Appliances Handbook," 202, 343
- Assistive epuipment, (see kind of equipment)
- Athetosis, (see Cerebral palsy, athetoid), aids for coping, 34, 61-62, 312
- Attendant, disabled persons as, 211, 306
- Attention span, improvement in, 215
- Attitude of general population, 6-7
- Awareness-raising, theater skits for, 278
B
- Back-brace cribs, and beds, 131-132
- Back-knee position, 16, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 128, 139-142
- Backrests, 37, 43, 194, 196
- Baker's cyst, 94
- Balance, activities to improve, 139, 320
- Ball games, for therapy and fun, 183, 270, 320, 328-329
- Balloons,
- for making paper maché toys, 65
- for making pottery, 255
- for pressure testing, 159-164
- Bamboo,
- artificial legs, 113, 180
- flex foot, 5
- for playground equipment, 288
- Bangladesh, 4, 15, 19, 112, 156, 194
- Barriers,
- physical and social, 195, 333
- stairs, 230
- Basic health needs, 8
- Basketball, 283
- Bearings for wheelchairs, 184, 188
- Indian ox carts, 188
- rod or needle bearings, 188
- used as wheels, 174, 178
- Bed, for back-straightening, 132
- Bed board, jointed, adjustable, 242
- Bed sores, (see Pressure sores), 155-157
- Bed-table, 245
- Belize, 4, 43-45
- BENG LINGUIST, Swedish activist, 261
- BENO, 219
- BEVILL PACKER, 65
- BIANCA, 23, 285
- Bicycle wheels, 18
- Blacksmiths, 191
- Bladder management, 147-148
- Blindness, (see Visual disability)
- Blood pressure, measurement of, 158
- Board-walk balance game, 320-321
- Body jacket, 131
- Body language, 142, 147, 165
- Bone, conversion of flesh into, 235
- Bone infection (osteomyelitis), 107, 296
- Book-keeping, record-keeping, 165, 280
- Bounce-bed, 133-134
- Bow legs, 98, 175
- Bowel program to avoid accidents, 310, (also see Urine and bowel control)
- Braces,
- with adjustable heel bars, 140-142
- to correct club feet, 97-102, 105
- to correct contractures, 84, 98, 103
- floor-reaction brace, 95
- for back-kneeing, 89-90, 94, 140
- for paraplegics to walk, 16, 232-233
- for pushing the knee backward, 95
- hand braces, 143-144, 146
- long-leg brace, 90, 95-97, 100, 310, 336
- metal brace, 83, 95, 97, 336
- muscle-assist brace, 96
- night brace, 99, 336
- plaster molds for, 102
- plastic bucket braces, 89-90, 175
- plastic cups used for braces, 16, 82
- plastic pipes for, 91
- plywood, adjustable braces, 84
- polypropylene plastic brace, 16, 84-88, 93-96, 98-102, 142, 154, 271
- pre-molded components, 91, 101
- telescoping brace, 101
- tricks for putting on, 127
- wooden forms for making, 91
- Braille, 5, 295, 299, 313
- Brain damage, 130, 207, 291, 253, 335
- Brazil, 4, 162, 164, 262, 333-336
- Breathing difficulties, 78, 311
- Broken bones (fractures), 149, 239
- BRUCE CURTIS, 23
- Buckets, plastic, (see Plastic buckets)
- Bullet wounds, 97, 165, 253, 260-261, 271, 278-279, 308
- Burkina Faso, Africa, 202
- Burundi, Africa, 11, 27
- Business skills, 280
C
- CACHITO, 311, 313
- Calipers (see Braces), 83
- Cambodia, 115-116
- Cameroon, 199
- Campaign to Protect Turtles, 313
- Canada, 173, 296
- Canes, 139, 174
- Capoeira, 262
- Car with hand-controls, 312
- Cardboard aids, (see Appropriate paper-based technology), 66-74
- CARINA, 33-36
- CARLA, 93
- CARLOS, 207-218, 222-224, 294
- Carpentry skills, (see work, carpentry)
- Cast-holding clamp, 102, 115-116
- Caster wheels, 53, 183, 185-186, 223, 247
- Casting of foot, aids for, 89, 141
- Castor oil catheter lubricant, 233
- Casts, serial, (see serial casting)
- CATA, 293
- Caterpillar for teaching to count, 331
- Catheterization, 147-148, 197, 240
- castor oil lubricant, 233
- CBR, (see Community Based Rehabilitation)
- "CBR News", 136
- CBR Training Course in Brazil, 333
- CECILIA RODRIGUES, 21, 100, 214, 278, 281
- CELIA, 57
- Center for International Cooperation and Appropriate Technology, 204
- Center for Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP), 15, 19, 112, 156, 194, 341
- Central America, 4, 33
- Cerebral palsy, 12, 27, 32-33, 150, 262, 277-278, 288
- athetoid, 34, 61, 93, 312
- diplegic, 89
- floppy (flaccid, low muscle tone), 34, 40, 47-49, 54, 56, 66
- seats for, (also see Special seats), 26-40, 47-51, 55-64
- spastic, 225
- problems with dressing, 127
- walking aids for, 53, 93, 312
- Che, 253, 278
- Checkerboard, children making one, 245
- Chepa 23, 149
- Child care, 338
- Child development, 30
- Child-to-Child, 281, 285-332, 334, 338
- disabled children helping each other,
- Children as rehab helpers, 46, 66, 69, 213, 289, 292, 294, 302, 306, 320
- Children, not sacks of potatoes, 26, 334
- Children's Toy-Making Workshop, 290, 305, 319
- China, 186
- CHIRO, 300, 317-318
- CHITO, 320, 322-324
- CHON, 23, 70
- Christian Medical College, India, 231
- Christmas dinner for lonely old folks, 259
- Circle drawer, for wooden wheels, 177
- CISAS (Center for Health Information and Advisory Services), 286, 295, 341
- CLETO, 256
- Club feet, 90, 97-102, 105, 292, 307, 340
- Coconut fiber cushions, 15
- Communication boards, 138, 330
- Communication in print: guidelines, 339
- Communicating with eyes, 335
- Communicating with signs, 139, 324, 330
- Community Based Rehabilitation (CBA), 2, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18, 27-28, 43, 162, 172, 265, 333, 337
- Community health workers, 71, 256
- Community, help from, 71
- Community participation, 6
- Community rehab centers, need for, 265
- Community respect, winning it, 259
- Compass, home-made, 177
- CONCEPCIÓN, 4
- CONCHITA, 3, 20, 22, 113-114, 127, 219, 265-266, 269, 280, 296, 308
- Contractures,
- extension-contractures, 242
- of knees, ankles, and feet, 19, 52, 84, 98, 103, 125, 241, 244, 336
- of hips, 35, 128, 181, 219, 241
- ways to correct
- Control for sitting and moving, 61
- Cookbook-like instructions, danger of, 240
- Cooking, 15
- Cooperative action, 9
- Coordination, ball games to improve, 328
- CORDE (National Coordination for the Integration of Disabled People), 333
- Corruption, 260
- Craft skills, 255, 276, 278, 313
- Cretinism, 216
- Cruelty or kindness, 83, 269, 286
- Crutch-walker, 220
- Crutches, 16, 175, 181, 220, 232, 310
- poorly adjusted, 181, 273
- CRUZ, 66
- Culturally-adapted devices, 14-19, 119
- Cushions, to prevent sores, 156-157
- cardboard, 65, 157, 162-163, 198
- coconut-fiber, 156, 194
- inner-tube, 15, 156-157, 194
- Roho (air-filled), 157
- testing of, 160-163
- to prevent pressure sores, 155
D
- DALIA, 59
- Dancing, from wheelchairs, 300
- DAVID WERNER, 1, 9, 13, 21-22, 83-88, 158, 231, 322, 333;
- Sósimo's sketch of, 313
- DAVIDICILLO, 338
- Deafness, 8, 139
- Dehydration, 152
- Delft University of Technology, 203
- Demystification of knowledge, 82, 339
- Department of Human Services, USA, 261
- Depression, 77, 235, 239, 241, 265
- Development, greed-based and need-based, 339
- Development Workshop (NGO), 173, 178
- Developmental delay, 49, 57, 59, 304, 322
- Devices and aids, (see kind of device or problem), (also see Harmful devices)
- Diabetes, 114, 130, 268
- Diarrhea, 8, 214
- DIEGO, 109, 112
- DINORA PERAZA, 311, 315
- DIONICIO GONZÁLEZ, 23, 330
- Disabilities, acceptance of, 80
- Disability Rights Movement, Mexico, 261
- Disabled activists, 21, 80, 261, 287, 333
- Disabled gangsters, 267-268, 270-272
- Disabled people as equal partners, 1, 4-5, 13, 30, 333, 339
- Disabled People International (DPI), 6, 10, 13, 179
- "Disabled Village Children", 1, 27, 30, 57, 84-85, 89, 147, 180, 226, 238, 242, 286-287, 334, 339, 343
- Disabled women protect village doctor, 260
- Discovering joy in life, 241
- Discovery-based learning, 128, 286-287
- Dislocation, of ankle, 86
- DOLORES MESINA, 199, 261
- DON CASTON, 31
- DON MIGUEL, 21, 23, 201
- DOÑA TOÑA, 307
- Donkey, instead of wheelchair, 16
- DORA, 77
- DOUG, 262
- Down's syndrome, 275
- Dressing skills, 33-36
- with quadriplegia, 166-168
- Drugs, 236
- drug-control efforts and troops, 260
- drug trafficking, 2-3, 267-271
- and violence, 2-3, 22, 235, 267
- Drunkenness, 3, 198, 253, 268, 304, 307, 319
E
- Early developmental activities, 292
- Eating end drinking aids, 79, 146
- Ecology and wildlife, 312
- Economy, non-formal, 276
- international free-market, 275-276
- EDGAR, 49-53, 70-71
- Education, 13, 296-300, 308, 311-312, 315, 319, 337
- EFRAÍN ZAMORA, 23, 88, 126, 292
- Egypt, 18, 188
- Elbow stabillizer, 79
- Elderly people, concern for, 259
- Electric jig saw, 322
- Elevator, gravity-powered, 227-229
- EMA, 337
- Employment, (see work), 13, 276
- England, 23, 74
- Epilepsy (fits), 70
- Equal opportunity, 6, 13
- Equality, the struggle for, 266
- Equino-varus, (see Club feet), 105
- ERNESTO NAVARRO, 23
- Europe, 4, 23, 286
- EVA, 131-134
- Evaluation
- devices for special seating, 41
- devices for standing frame, 45
- therapeutic activities, 273
- through play with toys, 291
- Exercises, 150
- for an amputated leg, 181-182
- children's help with, 292
- to correct contractures, 84
- faulty advice for, 181
- to bring back flexibility, 235-236
- for hip flexibility, 16, 168, 292
- functional and fun, 84
- leg exercises after stroke, 140
- range of motion, 181, 270
- truck-under-the-bridge game, 272
- Ezekiel wheel, 183
F
- FAGO, JOHN, 5, 115-116
- Family Development Program (DIF), 261
- FARAH, 18
- FÁTIMA, 40
- Feeling, loss of, 130, 155, 201, 239, 307
- Feet, used like hands, 264, 340
- that turn inward (pigeon-toed), 97, 105, 109, 325-327
- FERNANDO, 319-332
- Fever, 152
- Finger contractures, making use of, 167
- Fish-scale flowers, 312
- Flex foot, 5
- Flexikin, 125-126
- FLORENTINO, 113
- Foam plastic, uses of, (see Plastic, foam)
- Foam-rubber "thongs," use of, 175
- Foot-drop, 16, 86, 140, 241, 244
- Foot-positioning devices,
- for casting foot, 103-104
- for turned-in feet, with cross-bar, 105
- Foot protector, plastic bottle, 107
- Footboard, pulled by a rope, 244
- Footrests, 189, 210, 236
- Foreign debt, 267
- Forward-tilting seat, (see Positive seating)
- France, 192, 203, 299
- Freedom of movement, 31, 183
- Friendships, (see Child-to-Child)
- Front-wheel drive wheelchair, (see Wheelchair, front-wheel-drive)
- Functions, human body, 125-128
- FUNLAR, program in Brazil, 274
G
- Gait training, with muscular dystrophy, 269-271
- Gandhi Rural Rehab Center, 91-92
- Gangsters, disabled, 267
- transformation of, 268
- as therapists, 270-272
- Gap between rich and poor, 199, 267, 339
- Garbage, as a resource, 79, 173
- GENE RODGERS, 143-146
- GEOFF THOMSBY, 199
- GERONIMO, 334
- Golden Gate English Academy, 205, 315
- Goodness, seeds of, 268
- GOPI, 120
- GORDI, 292
- GOYO, 275
- Gripping, aids for, 143-144, 146, 165
- Guadalajara, Mexico, 77, 268
- Gumeys, (also see Wheeled cots, Trollies), 19, 78, 108, 191, 197, 241, 296, 308-309
- adjustable, for standing, 149
- jointed, 235-238, 246-248
- one-arm drive, 246-248, 253-254
- urine collection devices, 198, 237-238
- Gymnastic rings, 11, 58, 306
H
- Hand control,
- improving, 56, 322-324, 328-329, 331
- problems, 146, 166, 221
- toys to develop, 290-291
- Hand-eye coordination, 335
- Hand-grips from ceiling, 277
- Hand-rims, on inner side of wheels, 221
- Hand "shoes," 175
- Handicap International (HI), 92, 124, 202
- Hands, paralyzed, 167
- Hansen's disease (see Leprosy), 201
- Hard technology, 8
- Harmful exercises, 181
- Harmful or inappropriate devices,
- arch supports, 83
- braces, 83, 91, 96-97
- casts, 103
- catheters, 147
- crutches, 273
- foot positioning, 109
- parallel bars, 11
- special seat, 26-28, 66, 293
- stroller, 57, 59, 334
- walker, 219
- wheelchairs, 14, 18, 61
- Head control problems, 334
- checking, 37
- improving, 37-38, 47-56, 133, 337
- HealthWrights, viii, 301, 341, 343-344
- Heel-bar brace, 142
- Heel-cord stretching aids, 317-318
- HELIODORO, 281
- Helmets, cardboard head protector, 70
- "Helping Health Workers Learn," 287, 339
- Hemiplegia, 253, 278
- Hemiplegic (one-arm drive) wheelchairs,
- commercial type, 249
- village-made, 249-250, 253-254
- HERBERT EVEREST, 183
- "Hidden Sisters: Women and girls with disabilities in Asia and the Pacific," 19
- Hinges for bedboard, cloth and cord, 242-243
- Hip,
- band, 64, 97
- fused (frozen), 235
- hip-flexion contractures, 219-220, 241
- stiffness, 35, 242-243, 246-247
- stretching exercise, 220
- support, 67
- Holistic ("whole person") approach, 241
- Holland, 199, 203
- Home-making skills (cooking, cleaning, laundry), 277
- Honey and sugar treatment of pressure sores, 156, 165, 242, 251-252, 308
- Horse-back riding for disabled child, 303
- Hostel for disabled children in Brazil, 334
- Hot weather and urinary infection, 152
- Hotchkiss, Ralf, (see RALF HOTCHKISS)
- House With No Stairs, 17, 342
- "How to Make Basic Hospital Equipment," by England and Eaves, 202
- How to Use This Book, v
- Human body, functions of, 125, 130, 343
- Human rights abuses, and defense against, 197, 260-261
- Hunger adds to disability, 9, 199, 334
- Hydrocephalus (water on brain), 133, 293
- Hydrogen peroxide, to clean catheters, 148
- Hygiene, 59
- Hypersensitivity (pain at slight touch), 241
I
- Importance of listening, 83
- Improving body position, wedges and supports for, 43-44, 335
- Inappropriate technology, 11
- Income-generation activities, (see Work)
- Independence from one's own family, 265
- "Independence Through Mobility," 185-188
- Independent Living movement (IL), 10, 13, 172, 261-262, 265, 333
- India, 4, 75, 91, 95, 119, 188, 203, 231-234, 263
- Indian ox carts, roller-bearings in, 188
- INEZ LEÓN, 21, 107, 140-141, 200, 209, 217, 222, 274, 278, 281
- Infections, urinary, 147, 149, 152-154, 197
- prevention of, 149-154
- Injections, cause of disability, 107, 296, 307
- Inner tubes, uses of
- air cushion, 156, 194
- contracture-correcting device and brace, 30, 98-99
- exercises, 181-182
- gripping tools, 146
- muscle-assist brace, 96
- rocking horse, 331
- toilet, 194
- writing and eating aids, 146
- Innovative participatory technology, 4, 13
- Institutional care, 265, 334, 337
- Integration into,
- schools, 287, 296-300, 337
- society, 6-7, 256
- Intermediate Technology International, 205
- International law, 180
- International Year of Child, 1979, 286
- Interplast, (International Plastic Surgery), 236
- Intravenous fluid (IV) tubes, 159
- "Inventory of Tricycle Models," 203
- Invitation to Readers, viii
- Iodine, need for, during pregnancy, 216
- IRMA LLAVIÓ, 21, 40, 195
- ISABEL, 162
J
- JACINTO, 293
- JAIME TORRES, 21, 195, 200, 209, 235, 247, 277
- Jaipur foot and leg, 95, 119, 121, 343
- JANAKI, 112
- JAVIER VALVERDE, 23, 115, 307
- JAZMÍN, 37-40
- JEAN ANNE ZOLLARS, 23, 30, 42
- JÉSICA, 307-310
- JESÚS, 105, 107-108, 154, 202, 262, 281, 295, 296-300, 317
- Jigsaw puzzles, 291, 305
- JOÃO, 336
- JOEL, 80
- JOEP VERWEIJ, 203
- JOHN FAGO, 5, 115-116
- JORGE, 302-306
- JOSÉ ANGEL TIRADO, 205, 315-316
- JOSÉ, the child, 3
- JOSÉ DANIEL, 238
- JOSÉ, man with stroke, 137-142, 330
- JUÁN MORALES, 23, 31, 104, 210
- JUDY HEUMANN, 261
- JULIO PEÑA, 23, 165-168
K
- Karate, 262-264, 322, 329
- KENNETT and JEAN WESTMACOTT, 23, 33, 72, 74, 135, 146, 173-174, 178, 206
- Kenya, Africa, 27, 191
- Kidney problems, 149, 152, 197
- KIM LESTER, 74
- Knees,
- bending backward, 16, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 128, 139-142
- bowing, 175
- contractures, 296, 336
- knee-pads, 231, 264
- problems, 93
- torn ligaments, 128
L
- Ladder for gait training, 325
- Land mines, 173, 178, 180
- Language,
- keeping it simple, 340
- problems in children, 33, 59, 61, 66, 75, 109, 150, 213, 319
- with stroke, 137-138
- testing understanding, 137-138
- Latin America, 4, 119, 185, 286
- Latrine, (also see Toilets), 233
- Laws protecting small farmers, 267
- Leaf-on-a-stick balancing act, 271
- Learning, by doing, 277
- from mistakes, 181, 221, 223, 277
- Learning problems, 207, 319, 331
- Leg and foot problems, 81-128
- Leg braces, (see Braces)
- Legs, artificial, 113, 119-124, 180
- pre-fab, adjustable, 180
- bamboo 113, 180
- stump-cast clamp, 113-116
- exercises to prepare for, 181-182
- fiberglass and resin, 113, 117-118
- great need for limbs, 180
- Jaipur foot and leg, 119-120
- metal and leather, 113, 118, 180
- Mukti plastic pipe leg, 119, 121-124
- wooden, 113, 180
- Legs, elastic spiral for pigeon toes, 110
- LEOPOLDO LEYVA, 23, 259, 306
- Leprosy (Hansen's disease), 103, 130, 135, 146, 201
- Life-enabling functions, 275
- Lift (elevator), 227-229
- Lifting a person with a sling, 153
- Liliane Fonds, 199
- Limbs, artificial, (see Artificial legs)
- LINA, 284
- LINO, 219-220
- Listening, 33-34, 62, 226, 271
- LLUVIA NEVÁREZ, 20, 23, 138, 258, 291
- Look at my strengths and not at my weaknesses, 286, 295, 300
- Los Pargos, 299, 311-314
- Louis Braille, 5, 299
- Love, sex, marriage, 175, 198, 266
- Lubricants for catheters, 233
- LUIS, 265
- LUPITA, 211, 222-223
- LUZ, her story, 17-18, 190
- Lying down, aids for, (see Prone boards, Gurneys, Scooters)
M
- MAGUI, 338
- Mainstreaming in school, 287, 337
- Maji Mazuri, 9
- "Making Health Care Equipment," 205
- Malawi, Africa, 206
- MANOLO, 301-306, 332
- MANUEL and FERNANDO, 320-325, 328-332
- MANUELLA CAMPISTA, 23, 154, 322-323
- Marasmus (wasted condition), 334-335
- MARCELO ACEVEDO, 21, 23, 84-90, 96, 104, 113-118, 141, 220, 227, 229, 259
- MARCOS, 171
- MARGARITA, 105-106
- MARI PICOS, 3, 20, 43, 47, 70-71, 77, 97, 109-111, 127, 133-134, 158, 258, 269, 304-305, 309, 319-322
- MARÍA DE JESÚS LEYVA, 23, 274
- MARIELOS ROSALES, 22, 279
- Marijuana, 236
- MARIO CARRASCO, 22, 38, 78, 245, 270-273, 279-280
- MARTHA HEREDIA, 21
- MARTÍN PÉRES, 22, 227, 235-237, 254, 268
- MARTÍN REYES MERCADO, 23
- MARTÍN REYES MILLÁN, 23, 71, 213
- MARYBETTS SINCLAIR, 269
- Massage therapy, 154, 269
- Matari Valley, Kenya, 9
- Mattresses, 156, 239, 242
- Mazatlán, Mexico, 199, 219, 278, 299, 307, 311-315
- Measles, disability caused by, 150
- Measuring and fitting devices,
- seats, 42-44
- standing frames, 45
- MEENA DADHA, 121
- MEIR SCHNEIDER, 269-270
- Meningitis, disability caused by, 291, 296
- Mental disability, 74-75, 133, 207, 216, 221, 275-276, 301-306, 337, 339
- Mentally handicapped girl assists multiply-disabled child, 337
- Merry-go-round as therapy, 54
- Mexico, 4, 16, 20, 116, 207, 276
- and moral economic crisis in, 2, 199, 260-261, 276
- independent living movement, 21
- Mexico City, 85, 282
- MICHAEL HEINRICH, 23, 158-159
- MIGUEL ZAMORA, 20, 266, 277
- MIGUELITO, 277, 294, 315
- MIKE MILES, 172
- Ministry of Justice, Brazil, 333
- Ministry of Social Affairs, Angola, 179
- MIRA, 15, 18-19, 192
- Mistakes, (see learning from mistakes)
- MMG O'Neil Catheterization System, 148
- Mobility, (see Wheelchairs, Tricycles, Trollies, Gurneys, Scooters)
- Model home with adaptations, 277
- Molded bed, 131
- MONA, 108, 149
- MONICA ROOK, 23, 43-45
- "More with Less," 146, 344
- Moses, 178
- Mothers of disabled children, 335
- Motorcycle
- for transporting wheelchair, 172
- with 6 wheels, 312
- Mountain climbing, in basket, 143
- with braces and rocker-bottom shoes, 88
- in wheelchair, 145
- Mouth, used for gripping, 144-146
- Mouth control, 335
- Mud seats and other aids, 75-76
- Mudguard on wheelchair, 59
- Mukti limb, 119, 121-124
- Multiple sclerosis, 77
- Multiply-disabled children, 133, 207, 221, 296, 333-335, 337
- Muscle imbalance, 97, 181
- Muscular atrophy, progressive, 83, 277, 311-318
- Muscular dystrophy, 267-273, 299-300,
- children as teachers, 299, 313-318
- increasing the child's physical ability, 267, 269, 273, 311
- Myositis ossificans (flesh turning to bone), 235
N
- NADU, 75-76
- Nails, for wheel bearings, 188
- Needs, identifying, 11, 33
- Neglect, 150, 335
- Nepal, 74, 143
- Nervous system, anatomy of, 137
- complications of damage to, 129
- NETO, 93-94
- New Legs for Nomads, 115
- "Newsletter from the Sierra Madre", viii, 301
- Nicaragua, 184-185, 286, 295, 297
- NOÉ, 89-90
- Non-spill tray, 136, 175
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 267
- Notepad, for communication, 138
- for blind student, 299
- "Nothing About Us Without Us," 13, 261
O
- Occupational therapy, (see also specific activities), 150-151, 285, 288-289, 294, 320-331
- Old tires, uses of, (see Tires, old)
- OLIVER BOCK, 23, 82, 88, 301
- OMAR, 32
- Organization of Disabled Revolutionaries (ORD), 184-185
- Organizational skills, 278, 280
- Orthopedic appliances, (see Braces)
- Orthosis, floor-reaction, 95
- Orthotist (brace maker), 143, 301
- Osteomyelitis, (also see Bone infection), 107, 296
- Osteoporosis, (bone weakening), 149
- OSVALDO, 21, 239-249
- Otate, (bamboo-like plant), 139
- Ovens, for heating plastic, 89-91
- Over-protection, 32, 216, 265, 269, 304, 319
- Overhead bar, to hang toys from, 39-40, 49, 55, 134, 293, 335
P
- PAFUPI, 206
- Pain
- from arthritis, 201
- functions of, 130
- in paralyzed, hypersensitive hand, 241
- while urinating, 153
- Painting
- the playground, 281
- toys, for fun and therapy, 323
- Paintings and art by Sósimo, 313-314
- Pakistan, 91, 172
- Palestine, Arab markets in, 135
- Paper-based aids, (also see Appropriate paper-based technology), 65-74
- Paper maché, 65, 73, 255
- Parallel bars, 11-12, 93, 100, 208, 216, 219, 289
- problems with, 11
- Paralysis, (also see Polio, Spinal-cord injury, Cerebral palsy, Spina bifida)
- of hands, 143, 165-168, 239, 253
- on one side of body, 139, 165-168, 253
- from stroke, 139, 278
- Paralyzed arm, with hypersensitivity, 239-241, 244, 246, 248, 258, 279, 307
- Paraplegia (paralysis of lower body), 165, 232, 238, 245, 265, 308
- Paraplegics who walk, 16, 231-233
- Parapodium (frame for walking), 80, 220
- Parental domination, 304
- Pargobus, 314
- Pargos (organization of disabled children and youth), 299, 311-316
- Participatory problem solving, 1, 82, 84-85, 242
- Peer, assistance, counseling, and therapy, 3, 20, 167, 211, 268, 312
- Pen-holders, aids for gripping, 143, 144, 146, 165
- PENINA, 9
- People Potential, 23, 74, 135, 206
- PERAZA FAMILY, 311-316
- "Personal Transport for Disabled People: Design and Manufacture," 202
- PETER and MARIANNE WEST, 135-136
- PETER PFAELZER, 185
- Philippines, 17
- Physical barriers, 7
- Physical therapists as teachers, 21, 137, 278, 289, 292
- Physical therspy, 140, 154, 292, 294
- (also see Exercises), 216-218
- for muscular dystrophy, 269-272, 317-318
- for stroke 140
- Piaxtla, Project in Mexico, 65, 84-85, 286
- Picture boards and note pads, 137-138, 330
- Plaster casts and molds, 89, 102-104, 114, 121
- foot-positioning device, 103-104
- Plastic,
- bottles, to position feet, 105-106, 109
- bottles, to protect feet, 107
- braces (calipers), (see Braces)
- buckets for braces, 82, 89, 96
- buckets for seating, 29
- cups for leg braces for babies, 82
- foam-plastic, uses of, 79
- IV tubing, 163
- pipe for braces and limbs, 91-92, 121-124
- plastic rivets, 126
- zip-lock bag, for catheters, 148
- Play therapy, 270
- Playground tor All Children, 32, 54, 58, 270, 281, 288-289, 317, 319
- equipment made by children, 32, 288
- equipment made by a father, 317
- Playground in Thailand, 54, 288
- Playing ball for coordination, 328
- Playmates as therapy helpers, 319-332
- Plywood seat, 66
- Plywood skeleton, 126-128, 336
- Pneumonia, 311
- Polio, 20-21, 85, 95, 261-262, 278, 292, 304
- POLO RIBOTA, 22, 100, 104, 109, 214
- Polyethylene pipe, for limbs, 121
- Polypropylene plastic, (see Braces)
- Positive public image, 257
- Positive seating (forward-tilted seat), 36, 42, 47-51, 62, 225
- cardboard, 68
- does not always work, 54, 62
- for which children, 48
- Posture drooping, 40, 47-49, 54-55
- Potatoes, children not sacks of, 26, 334
- Pottery-making, 255
- Poverty, 2, 8-9, 333
- Powerlessness, 241
- Pressure sores, 15, 19, 103, 105, 107, 130, 147, 155-157, 235-243, 246, 251-252, 282, 296, 307, 309
- causes, 155, 158, 307-308
- cushions to prevent, (see Cushions)
- death from, 268
- gurneys, (see Gurneys)
- and nutrition, 251
- prevention, 155, 161-162, 196
- treatment, 239-241, 309
- Wheelchair to protect from, 78, 165, 196
- Pressure testers to prevent sores, 158-164
- Problem solving, participatory, 1, 82, 85, 242
- PROJIMO, viii, 1-4, 20-23, 33, 38, 40, 71, 267-268
- Christmas for old folks, 259
- early years, 304
- Prone-boards (for position and control, lying down), 343-344
- Prosthesis, (see Legs, artificial)
- Psycho-social disability, 3, 268
- Psychological problems, 70, 77, 149, 153
- Puzzle-making, 279, 291, 322
- Puzzles, for learning numbers, 331
- PVC pipe, for braces, 82, 91-92
- Pyramids, rollers for building, 188
Q
- Quadriplegia (paralysis in arms and legs), 130, 143, 165-168, 279, 282
- "Questioning the Solution," 180, 344
- QUIQUE, 3, 23, 268, 282
R
- RAFA, 23, 245, 279
- RALF HOTCHKISS, 4, 17, 23, 158, 183-190, 192-193, 195, 198, 236, 254
- RAM, 232
- RAMONA, 295-299
- Ramps, 7, 31, 175, 230
- for fun and therapy, 288, 317
- Range of motion exercises, 52, 270
- Rattles, 290-291
- RAÚL, 97-102
- RAYMUNDO HERNÁNDEZ, 23, 82, 94, 196
- Record-keeping, for contractures, 125
- Recreation, 13, 245, 283-284, 288-291, 294-295, 3O2-303, 306
- Red Cross, 180
- Rehabilitation as empowerment, 333
- Rehabilitation engineering, 236
- REINDER VAN TIJEN, 227
- RESCU, in Zimbabwe, 187
- RESNA (Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America), 158
- Rett Syndrome, 78
- "Return to Life," 20, 266, 344
- RICARDO, 300, 317-318
- Rights of the Disabled Child, 286
- Rings, gymnastic, 11, 58, 306
- RITA, 16, 18
- Rivets, plastic, for Flexikin, 126
- ROBERTO FAJARDO, 23, 90, 256, 260
- ROBI, 93, 96
- Rocker, for paralyzed arm, 175, 311
- Rocker-bottom shoes, 16, 87-88
- Rocking horses, 58, 270
- with old tires, 331
- Role model, 294, 308, 310-313
- Role playing, 297, 315
- ROMEO, 168
- Rope, as a walking aid, 218
- for foot-exerciser, 244
- for sitting up, 344
- ROSA SALCIDO, 21-22, 153, 207, 211, 215
- ROSAURA, 102
- RUBÉN, 277
- RUFINA, 61-62
- Rural environment, 231, 275
- Russia, 185
S
- San Francisco State University, 236
- Sand-bags, for seating, 46, 66
- Sandal-making (also see Shoes, boots, and sandals), 98, 175
- Save the Children Fund, 257
- Saws, home-made, 174
- Scholarships, 199, 261
- Schools, 199, 261, 265, 319
- child-to-child activities in family coops, 296, 311-312
- integration into, 286-287, 296-300, 308, 311
- Scissoring of legs, 93, 109-112
- Scooters and scooter boards, 30, 174-175, 225, 264, 344
- Seat-inserts, 30, 74, 333-334
- Seating, (see Special seats)
- See-saws, 58, 285, 289, 318
- Seeing-eye foot, 224
- Seeing-eye person, 211, 215
- Self-abuse, 52, 70
- Self-care, 241
- Self-determination, 8, 10, 13, 266
- Serial casting (to correct deformities), 97, 103, 105, 295, 307, 310
- SETHI, DR. P.K., 95, 119
- Sherpas in Nepal, 74, 143
- SHIHAN HUSSAINI, karate teacher, 263
- Shoes, boots, and sandals
- adapted, 87-88, 97-98, 110, 175
- lifts and wedges for, 87-88, 175
- rocker-bottom, 16, 87-88
- Shriners Hospital, in California, 315
- Shunt, with hydrocephalus, 133
- SIGI LESTER, 74
- Sign language (self-taught), 139, 324
- Simulation games, 286, 295, 297-298
- Skate-board, 172
- Skeleton, plywood, 126
- Skills, learning, 6, 276, 290, (see Work)
- Skin-pressure tester, 155-164
- Sling, for lifting disabled person, 153
- Smile factor, 273
- Social acceptance, 6-7, 231, 256-261
- Social barriers, 6-7, 256
- Society for all, 6-7, 256
- Soft technology, 8
- Sore (ulcer), 107, 201 (see Pressure sores)
- SÓSIMO, 299, 311-314
- Spanish Language, teaching, 282
- Spastic, (see Cerebral palsy)
- Spasticity, 33-35, 57, 61, 89, 109, 149, 207, 221, 291, 296
- activities to decrease, 150
- reducing or controlling, 57, 61-64
- using it for dressing and self-care, 166
- using it to prevent sores, 165-167
- Spastics Society of Tamilnadu (SPASTN), 75, 263-264
- Special educators, 304
- Special seats, 11, 24-79, 279, 335
- adjustable, 31, 37-39, 49
- with board to lift legs, 62-63
- car-seat for child, 74
- for a child with a large head, 293
- child as a seat, 24
- children improve a seat, 293
- for dressing, 33-36
- evaluation device, 41-44
- examples, 29-31, 292
- experimental approach, 47, 55
- footrests, 45
- headrests, 37-41, 293
- inserted in wheelchairs, 30, 61-63, 335
- mud seats, 75-76
- overhead toy frames, (see Overhead bar)
- paper-based, 65-68, 72-74
- plastic bucket for seat, 29
- positive seating, 47-51
- possibilities, 29
- problems with special seats, 27-28, 41, 57, 61, 66
- sand bags, for sitting, 46
- for stimulation, 56
- tables for, (see Tables, for special seats)
- thigh bands for athetosis, 64
- wedges and supports for, 39, 44-45
- with wheels, 24-25, 27, 30, 43, 50, 293
- Speech problems, (see Language)
- Spina bifida, 80, 103, 130, 219-220, 262, 293, 296
- seating for, 293
- Spinal curve, 131-134, 162
- Spinal-cord injury, 147, 149, 155-168, 192, 196-197, 231-234, 239, 270, 272, 308
- from falls, 265
- from an injection infection, 307
- pressure sores, (see Pressure sores)
- wheelchairs for, (see Wheelchairs)
- Sports, (see Recreation)
- Spring-bed, (see Bounce bed), 133
- Sri Lanka, 119, 203, 325, 327
- Stairs, setting up, 227, 230
- Standing
- activities for, 154, 208, 325
- aids, 149, 154, 183, 320-327
- thrusting hips forward, 16, 220
- Standing boards and frames, 52, 69, 98, 149, 279
- adjustable, 45
- cardboard, 69
- device for evaluating, 45
- mud, 75
- for walking (parapodium), 80, 220
- Standing wheelchair, 183
- Stanford, California, 236
- Sterilization debate, catheters, 147
- Stigma, 201
- Stimulation,
- lack of, 70, 334
- through movement, 55, 133
- toys for, 49, 290-291, (see Toys)
- Strange behavior, 70
- Street children, 2, 271, 279
- Strength from weakness, 259
- Stroke (cerebral vascular accident), 137-142, 278
- anger with, 137-138
- gait (walking) problems, 137-142
- language problems, 137-138
- leg braces for, 140-142
- Strollers, 57, 59, 334
- Stump care and exercise after amputation, 180-182
- Stump-cast clamp, 113-116
- Suggestions by reviewers for this book, 117, 181-182, 273
- Suggestions For Information-Sharing in Print, 64, 181-182, 340
- Suicide, 20, 241, 265, 282, 308
- Survival first, 8-9
- SUZANNE LEVINE, 20, 344
- Swallowing trouble, 334
- Sweating, loss of ability, 152
- Swimming and therapy tank, 289
- Swings, enclosed, 32, 57-58, 288, 318
- paper-based, 74
- rotary swing, 294
T
- Tables,
- for special seats, 30, 51-52, 55-56, 66-68, 74, 78-79, 179, 293
- for wheelchairs, 30, 51-52, 63
- TACHO, 294
- Teasing, 269, 301
- Technologies, (see specific kinds)
- for appreciation and equality, 256
- simple and complex, 172
- soft and hard, 256
- Teeter-tottor, ( see See-saws)
- Tendon transplants, 97
- TERE, 43, 104, 208, 211, 222, 228, 268
- TERESA, girl with arthritis, 294
- TERESA PAEZ, social worker, 311-312
- Thailand, 54, 203, 288
- Theater skits for awareness, 278, 286
- Thigh band, 64
- Third World, 155, 184, 192, 195
- Thrasher Research Fund, 4
- Tibial torsion, 101, 110, 325
- TINÍN, 25, 40, 54-55
- Tip-toeing, correction of, 93, 288
- Tires, old, used for:
- hand shoes, 175
- playgrounds, 57-58, 289, 331
- rocking horse, 331
- seats, 57-58
- swings, 57-58, 285, 289, 318
- wheelchair wheels, 177-178
- Tires, for wheelchairs, (see Wheelchair tires)
- Toilets, 15
- built into a walker, 213-214
- inner-tubes for, 15
- in trollies and wheelchairs, 15, 192-194, 213
- wooden portable, 212
- Toilet training, 212-215
- Tomás Magallanes, 161, photo p.81
- TOÑO, 23, 47, 292
- Tools, home made, 174, 206
- Torsion cables (twist hoses), 110, 325
- Toy making shop, 272, 290-292, 308, 322
- Toys, 290-292
- for better hand control, 290-291
- hanging from overhead bar, 39-40, 49, 55-56, 134, 291, 335
- for stimulation, 49, 290-291
- Traction problems and solutions, 18, 183, 186, 202-203, 223-226, 233-234, 343
- Traditional village for rehab training, 231
- Training manuals, 11, 13, 339, 343-344
- Training workshops
- Angola, 173 (see Chapter 29)
- Brazil, 162, 164, 333 (see Chapter 50)
- India, 231
- Mexico, 4, 296
- Nicaragua, 295
- Transfer board, 168
- Transfer seat, (see jump seat), 192
- Transfers,
- assisted, 153-154
- to bed, or wheelchair, 151, 192
- wheelchair to walker, 210, 213
- Transportation, 170, 172, 199
- Trash, (see Garbage), 173
- Trays, non-spill, 135-136
- Tree planting project, 312
- Triangle for gripping, on rope, 243, 251
- Tricycle, hand-powered, 199-206
- automatic steering, 234
- examples, 202-203, 225, 233, 243
- for good traction, 202, 233-234, 343
- lever-powered, 199-203, 255
- motorized, 172
- for narrow trials, 206
- strengths and weaknesses of, 200
- with trailer (cart), 201
- "Tricycle Production Manual," 204
- Tricycle-Wheelchair, convertible, 205
- Trolley (wheeled bed), 15, 19, 78, 194, 241 (see also Gurneys, Scooters)
- Trouble-shooting faulty seating, 163
- Trunk (body) control, checking, 37
- Tuberculosis of the spine, 238
- Turtles, campaign to protect, 313
- Twist-hoses, torsion cables, 109-111, 325
U
- UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 19
- UN workshop, "Indigenous Assistive Devices," 231
- Unemployment, 267, 276
- UNICEF, 273
- United Nations, 121, 249, 261, 267
- Urinals, on gurneys, 197-198, 238
- Urinary infection, 130, 147-154, 197, 235, 239, 248, 282
- chain of causes, 153
- leg splints for, 149
- prevention, 147-148, 152-154, 197
- standing post for, 149
- Urine and bowel control, 198, 238, 296, 307, 310
- USA, 4, 188, 203, 236, 267
- harm caused by US embargo, 184
V
- VANIA, and JÉSICA, 307-310
- Vania cares for a donkey, 309
- Varus deformities, 86, 97, 105 (see Club feet)
- Velcro (self-sticking tape), 43, 101, 143, 193
- VICTOR, the doctor, 282
- VICTOR, the teacher, 312-316
- Video film-making, 280
- Vietnam, 203
- Village health workers, 21, 256
- Violence, 2-3, 70, 180, 236, 267-268, 308
- causes of, 2-3, 236, 260, 267
- as a cause of disability, 2-3, 165, 173, 178, 197, 235, 253, 260-261, 267, 271
- land mines, 173, 178
- by soldiers and police, 260-261
- Visual disability, 47, 207, 211, 262, 296-299
- aids for, 298-299
- children's suggestions for helping, 298
W
- Walkers (walking frames),
- brakes for, ix, 53, 217
- cardboard, 74
- converts to crutches, 200, 219
- with foot separator, 112
- as a hand support for dressing, 36
- harmful, 219
- metal, folding, ix, 117, 209, 312
- paper-based, 74
- people as, 53
- with a seat, 112, 210, 213-214, 219
- with toilet built-in, 213-214
- wheelchair as walker, 211
- wooden, ix, 53, 80, 92, 100, 111, 210, 213-214, 217, 310
- Walking
- activities to start, or to improve, 48, 52, 216, 320-321, 325-327
- problems, 81-112, 139, 142, 178, 216
- toilet in walker, 213-214
- with spinal-cord injury, 16, 231
- Walking aids, 80-81, 207-211, 216-219, (also see Braces; Crutches; Walkers)
- cane, 139
- rope, 218
- stick, 3-legged, 174
- War on Drugs, 260
- Water
- need to drink lots, 152-154, 197, 247
- therapy, 207, 289
- Weakness, progressive, 77, 83, 311, (also see Muscular dystrophy, Multiple sclerosis)
- Weight shifting to prevent sores, 165
- Welding service and repair, 259
- Wheelchairs, 15-19, 169 (see Part 4), 183-196,
- accessibility, 170, 172, 227, 230-231, 277
- adapting for different situations, 14-19, 170-171, 192-194, 231
- adjustable seat-tilt, 50
- adjustable width, 17, 190
- for amputees, 189
- armrests, 60, (see also Armrests)
- backrest to prevent sores, 196
- bearings, 188, (see also Bearings)
- cushions, 156-157, (see also Cushions)
- dancing, 300
- disabled designers, 4-5, 183, 253-254
- E&J (Everest & Jennings), 183
- electric (motor), 172
- folding mechanism, 189-191
- foot-rests, 189, 210, 236
- four-wheel drive, 183
- front-wheel drive, 51, 183, 221-226
- hand-rims, 221
- hubs, adjustable, 189
- jump-step for, 192
- liberating, 26, 85, 170
- low-riders, 15, 19
- mountain-climbing in, 145
- mudguard, 59
- need for, 185
- one-hand drive, 249-250, 253-254
- races, 300
- for rough terrain, 18, 183-187
- seating-inserts, 30, 61-63, 335
- for standing, 149, 183
- tables, 31, 50-51, 63
- tires, 178, 186-187
- to hold two children at once, 171
- toilets, 192-194
- too big, 14, 41, 171
- traction, problems with, (see Traction)
- trailer for, 284
- transport of, 170, 172
- upholstery, 191, 237
- wheels, (see Wheels)
- Whirlwind (Torbellino), 183-198, 236
- wooden, 78, 178, 302, 304
- Wheeled cot, (see also Gurney; Trolley)
- Wheeled mobility, 185, (also see Gurney, Trolley, Scooter, Wheelchairs)
- simple and complex, 172
- Wheelies (balancing wheelchair on 2 wheels), 26, 108, 226, 300
- Wheels, 175, 186
- all rubber (Zimbabwe wheel), 187
- caster wheels, 183, 185
- Ezekiel, 183
- molded aluminum, 186
- from old truck bearings, 174
- for rough terrain, 183, 186, 343
- sheet metal, 187
- spoking, 195
- wooden, ix, 174-178, 186, 195
- Wheels of Fortune, 14-15
- "Where There Is No Doctor," 339
- "Which Is More Appropriate?" - a story, 172
- Whirlwind Wheelchair, 183-196, 198, 236
- design problems, 186-190, 236
- WHO (World Health Organization), 6, 10, 265, 342
- Wisdom of a child, 328
- Wobble factor, 135
- Women's liberation, rights, 265-266
- Wood-working shop, 279
- Work by disabled persons, 275-284
- by blind persons, 275
- building bamboo blinds, 276
- carpentry, woodwork, 40, 53, 78, 176-179, 212-214, 245, 275-276, 279, 293
- cattle raising, 232
- chair-weaving, 277
- collecting scrap metal, 199
- dentistry, 256
- and dignity, 201
- farm work and gardening, 231, 275
- flowers from fish scales, 312
- folding gauze, 150
- food selling on street, 199
- hand-sewn crafts, 315-316
- hauling water, 275
- health services, 282, 307, 309
- income-generation at PROJIMO, 276
- laundry, 129, 150, 277
- leather belts, 276
- in the non-formal economy, 275-282
- ornaments and crafts, 276
- painting pictures, cards, 194, 313-314
- playground clean-up, 284
- pottery, 255
- pump repair, 281
- rice farming, 232
- running a village store, 338
- in rural and urban areas, 275-276
- sandals and shoes, 276
- social work, 261
- sugar-cane milling, 232
- sweeping, 150, 325
- teaching English or Spanish, 282, 315
- as therapy, 150
- toy and puzzle making, 276, 290-292, (see Toys; Puzzles)
- washing and hanging up clothes, 129, 150, 277
- washing dishes, 150, 277
- weaving plastic chairs, 276-277
- weaving rugs, 276
- welding service and repair, 259
- wheelchair building, 235
- white-washing walls, 274
- Work and play, 283-284
- Work picnics, 312
- Workshops, 4, 6, 173, 231, 295-296, 333, 341, (see Training workshops)
- Wrestling, 329
- Writing aids, 143-144, 146, 165, 298-299
X, Y, Z
Nothing About Us Without Us is a book of true stories about people's creative search for solutions. It is an idea book, written for disabled persons and their relatives, friends, helpers, and anyone who favors A Society for All.
The book differs from many appropriate technology manuals in that it puts emphasis not so much on the end-products - or things - as on the persons involved and the collective process of search and discovery.
Nothing About Us has been written as companion to David Werner's earlier book, Disabled Village Children, now used in Community Based Rehabilitation programs worldwide.
The book explores the development of innovative aids and equipment that can be made at low cost at home or in a small community workshop. Yet it also considers how to achieve fuller integration of disabled people into society: ways to help communities look at disabled persons' strengths, not their weaknesses. Examples of Child-to-Child activities show how disabled and non-disabled children can work, play and learn together, to enrich one another's lives.
This is not a "cookbook" with precise instructions for making pre-designed devices. Rather it is about thinking through challenges and possibilities. Solutions tend to be best when the disabled person is a partner and equal in the problem-solving process. The goal of this book is to spark the reader's imagination: to stimulate a spirit of adventure!
The book is based on years of collaborative work by David Werner and the disabled villagers who created and run PROJIMO, an innovative rehabilitation program in rural Mexico. However, it draws on experiences from many lands.
Over 800 line drawings and 600 photos help make the information clear for those with little formal education.
In the words of community rehabilitation pioneer, Mike Miles, "This is primarily a book about learning to think."
Nothing About Us Without Us
Developing Innovative Technologies
For, By and With Disabled Persons
by David Werner
Published by
HealthWrights
Workgroup for People's Health and Rights
Post Office Box 1344
Palo Alto, CA 94302, USA