UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities
Ad Hoc Committee Daily Summary

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Volume 4, #2
May 25, 2004

Morning Session
Commenced: 10:20 AM
Adjourned: 12:50 PM

ARTICLE 4: GENERAL OBLIGATIONS (CONT)

China suggested new language for Article 4.1: "States Parties undertake to adopt legislative or administrative and other measures to ensure the full realization of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all individuals within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind on the basis of disabilities. With regard to economic social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international cooperation." China went on to suggest an amendment to 4.1(a), "to amend, repeal, or nullify any laws or regulations and discourage customs or practices that are inconsistent with this Convention." The Chinese amendments to Article 1 will be distributed later.

Ireland, speaking for the EU, responded to the comments made regarding the EU's proposals for Article 4, and stated that it was not the EU's intention to turn the Convention into one about non-discrimination. Before the December (2003) meeting, the EU proposed a text of the Convention aimed at producing a strong document that will be implemented and ratified by the widest possible sector of the international community so that PWD can enjoy rights already guaranteed to them by international law. The EU advocates four basic principles -- non-discrimination, equality of opportunity, autonomy, and participation/inclusion -- which must remain at the core of the final Convention. Non-discrimination is an essential element that needs to be reflected in the Convention, which is why the EU proposed strengthening this language. The intent is not to dilute Article 4, and the EU fully respects both the Article and the Working group. The EU reasoned that non-discrimination is essential because existing international human rights instruments already apply to PWD, but PWD still face denials of rights to which they are entitled, and states can bring about situations where PWD can enjoy full rights without discrimination. The EU affirmed that all human rights will apply to PWD, not just the rights stated in this Convention. The EU also stated that later it will suggest that Articles 18 and 19 be moved further up in the draft and that Article 4.2 (with amended language) be moved to Article 25. The EU read this amendment during the present discussion, without prejudice to where it might eventually be placed: "States, when developing and implementing policies and legislation to give effect to this Convention, shall take appropriate measures to ensure adequate consultation with, and involvement of, PWD and their representative organizations."

Morocco stressed that in the body of Article 4 the question of progressive achievement of political, social, and cultural rights must be addressed in order to enable countries to achieve the purposes of Convention under the best possible circumstances.

Yemen, on behalf of the Arab Group, urged the AHC not to omit discussion of the Preamble, and suggested that certain articles discussed in haste could require further consideration later. Yemen also stated its desire to remain as close as possible to the Working Group text, as the WG considered numerous views. Amendments should be limited to explanatory notes or legal angles. The WG's draft of Article 4 should be preserved.

India agreed that the EU proposal deserves some attention. However, in order to reconcile various aspects of the Convention, India proposed that what is now Article 7.3 be moved to Article 4 after the discrimination clause. India proposed an amendment to 7.2, to delete the words "close" and "the active involvement of," both of which are subjective and unnecessary. India proposed appending "and their families" because in some developing multicultural countries PWD have not reached a stage of empowerment where they can be "spokesmen for themselves." Families should be included as stakeholders in all planning and policy discussions.

Next the floor was opened to interested NGOs.

Rehabilitation International stated that retaining the Article on general obligations is crucial, underscoring the congruity between this Convention and other existing human rights instruments, and that there should be a direct and visible correlation between Articles 4 and 1, with the purpose to secure full and equal enjoyment of all human rights for PWD. RI stated that it could live without the word "effective," but only if it is understood that this is included in the word "equal." RI, like Lebanon, New Zealand, Costa Rica, and Jordan, questions whether the EU proposal supports the underlying purposes of the Convention. Non-discrimination describes how rights are to be delivered, but does not go to the substantive content of these rights. It is a tool to advance the equal enjoyment of rights but does not exhaust the equality idea, and it does not go to the full enjoyment of human rights. RI supports a broader conception of the role of the treaty. Non-discrimination, though perhaps indispensable, is but a means to the ends of the Convention. RI proposes that the chapeau read, "In order to secure the full and equal enjoyment of the human rights of PWD, parties undertake without discrimination to" and then continue from there.

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry conceded the need for redrafting to make the Convention clearer, but cautioned against reducing the coverage and scope of the rights and obligations in this Convention. WNUSP also warned that it could be dangerous to overemphasize the role of families of PWD, especially if families are not working alongside of PWD. The participation of PWD needs to be the rule in the implementation of obligations.

PWD Australia and National Association of Community Legal Centers supported Article 4 in principle, but asserted that an explicit statement of international obligations is crucial. Two-thirds of the 600 million PWD live in the developing world, and practical implementation of this Article must involve the transfer of resources, technical assistance, and policy advice to the developing world. Without such a transfer people in developing countries will not benefit from this Convention. They further stated that it is important to understand that in many cases international cooperation will cost very little and will amount to information exchange about technical standards and the provision of policy advice based on domestic experience. There is already considerable resource transfer occurring between developed and developing States, through intergovernmental aid programs, and it is critical that these aid programs respect the rights of PWD. They affirmed the importance of cooperation on trade and commerce standards with regards to accessibility, telecommunications, copyrights, and so on, and they recommended an explicit statement on these international obligations in Article 4.

Asia Pacific Forum on National Human Rights Institutions (APF), speaking also on behalf of National Human Rights Institutions, raised a concern about the draft's absence of an explicit provision on remedies. In a Convention designed to ensure the effective and practical realization of the human rights of PWD, judicial and other appropriate remedies should be included as explicit provisions of the Convention. With regard to the progressive realization of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR), he pointed out that developments in ESCR over the last 20 years have meant that many of its aspects, like nondiscrimination, can in fact be effectively and immediately realized. This was reflected in the Bangkok and Chair's Drafts.

Thailand supported the APF's position that remedies should be a core part of the Convention. The rights of PWD continue to be violated repeatedly and by ignoring remedies it ignores the reality that "we cannot only look into the future, we have to come back and look at the past and present." Thailand also expressed concern over an overemphasis on progressive realization, even though it has been proven repeatedly that some ESCR can be immediately implemented. This was well reflected in the Bangkok draft and should be reconsidered.

India echoed the position of Thailand and urged inclusion of a new paragraph from the Bangkok draft, obligating states to give immediate effect to those aspects of those ESCR rights that are capable of immediate implementation.

Costa Rica supported the proposal that the Bangkok text should be mentioned.
Jordan affirmed the importance of 4.2 on participation of PWD. It also agreed with India that the involvement and efforts of families on behalf of PWD should not be underestimated, and text to that effect should be included in Article 4, but should not be repeated in other Articles.

Uganda supported the retention of the Article on obligations to ensure that states understand their obligations under the Convention. Paragraph 4.1(c) should include the word "culture," alongside economic and social, as this is the setting where people face discrimination and stigmatization. Uganda suggested that 4.1(f) substitute "to ensure" for "to promote," as "ensure" is a stronger word that imposes commitments on states. Uganda offered a definition of "universally designed goods" - products, information, services and environments which are designed in such a manner that they are usable by all people including PWD with minimal adaptation and cost. Uganda recommended that 4.2 be broadened to include families of PWD, professionals and experts.

Costa Rica reaffirmed the importance of maintaining in the text of 4.1 the concept of non-discrimination on the grounds of disability.

ARTICLE 5: PROMOTION OF POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS PWD

Trinidad and Tobago supported the inclusion of families in Article 4 and also wanted the committee to consider expanding the definition to include "caregivers," particularly for "persons suffering from severe disabilities."

Uganda supported the inclusion of this Article because a negative attitude by society is a major source of discrimination and marginalization of PWD. It proposed an amendment to 5.1(a), adding "their needs, potential and contribution to society" after "PWD." Uganda also suggested the addition in 5.2(d): "and families" after "representative organizations. "

Yemen, representing the Arab Group, expressed misgivings that the committee could leave out some important aspects of the text of Article 5, and proposed an amendment to 5.1(c), replacing the words "commit ourselves" with the word "promote," which the Arab Group considers to be a stronger word.

Japan accepted the Article as it is in its entirety, but welcomed positive improvements to the draft.

Kenya expressed concern at the negative attitudes toward PWD, especially in Africa, and suggested new language for Article 5.1(b): "States Parties undertake to adopt immediate and effective measures to combat practices, whether cultural, religious or other, which discriminate PWD."

Ireland/EU proposed that Article 5 be amalgamated with Article 4. The chapeau of Article 5 would not be needed, as it would be covered in the previous chapeau in the combined Article. It proposed appending to 5.1(a), "and foster respect for the rights of PWD," as it believes that it is important that raising awareness be done from the positive perspective. The EU also proposed moving 5.2(c), without changes, up under this heading because 2(a) and 2(b) already are covered by 1(a) and 1(b) if the EU proposal is accepted. The EU suggested that 2(d) is already covered by the current Paragraph 2 which deals with the participation and involvement of PWD in implementation, and to streamline the Convention 2(d) could be deleted. The EU also sought clarification from the Chair on the methodology of the compilation of the proposals that have been made in this first reading of the Articles.

Jordan emphasized the importance of the paragraph on attitudes, as attitudes influence behaviors. Jordan suggested reordering subparagraphs in the interest of logical progression of behaviors, listing knowledge first in 5.1(a) because proper knowledge is a building block for proper attitudes. Next should come raising awareness, and then combating stereotypes. 5.1(b) should be 5.1(c), and so on.

Canada supported Article 5 and offered changes of an editorial nature. In the title, Canada suggested changing the word "to" to "towards" and in 5.1(b) agreed with the EU on the additional text. In 5.1(c) Canada would delete the words "promote an image of" and substitute "portray." In 5.2(a), "initiating and maintaining" should be replaced with "promoting," and the words "awareness" and "receptiveness" should be removed. After the word "nurture," the words "awareness of and respect for" should be added. Finally, in 5.2(c) Canada recommended replacing "project an image of" with "portray," adding "in a manner" after "disability," and removing "with the purpose."

Argentina affirmed that it was important to foster positive attitudes and that the scope and visibility of the text should be appropriate for this. Starting with the chapeau, Argentina expressed concern that "immediate measures" might imply that some measures are more important than others, so it suggested that "immediate" be included in brackets.

Australia suggested that "immediate and effective" is too detailed and would be difficult to evaluate without significant benchmarking, and suggested adding "by appropriate and active means."

Philippines suggested appending to 5.1(a) "foster respect for the rights and dignity for PWD," and adding to 5.1(c) "rights, freedoms, and responsibilities." Philippines also suggested substituting "receptiveness" with "respect and protection."

South Africa expressed concern that the title of Article 5 does not allow for promotion of rights which is the cornerstone of Convention, and proposed adding "creating and raising awareness" to the provisions. SA also proposed that 5.2(b) be moved to the section on education. SA suggested a minor amendment to 5.1(a), to insert after "disability" the words "raise awareness throughout society regarding disability as part of humanity as a human rights issue." SA also suggested that in 5.1(c) the word "image" is a labeling one and suggested instead to use language that talks about the promotion and understanding of PWD as people first and as contributing members of society. SA further suggested that in 5.2(a) "nurture receptiveness" should be replaced with "promote the rights of PWD," as it would be more useful to have positive language in this provision. It also suggested rephrasing 5.2(b) to read, "develop and maintain programs on awareness" that would allow a focus on children who can be very cruel, especially in interactions with children with disabilities.

Costa Rica stated the importance of making society aware of the human rights of the disabled and suggested adding "and the human rights" to 5.1(a). They also suggested adding "policies designed to nurture" to 5.2(a) and suggested adding "in the population" after "promoting awareness" in 5.2(b).

Mexico stressed the importance of this Article, and stated that it should be separate from other articles. Mexico supported the title amendment by South Africa, as it would contribute to a culture of respect and inclusion. It also agreed with the EU proposal, but would like to add to the EU amendment for 5.1(a) "foster a culture of respect" to align it with the title and essence. Mexico advocated keeping the chapeau, which follows the example of other human rights instruments.

Trinidad and Tobago supported Kenya's amendment to include a new subparagraph on different kinds of cultural practices. An alternative amendment to 5.1(b) could read, "combat negative stereotypes, negative cultural practices, and prejudices about PWD." Some families hide their children with disabilities out of shame. In discussing 5.2(c), Trinidad and Tobago suggested an amendment that would encourage the mass media to use proper terminology when describing PWD, so that they would no longer refer to PWD as being "crippled," "deaf and dumb," or "blind." It suggested appending to 5.2(c), "through, inter alia, the use of proper terminology."

Swaziland supported Costa Rica's proposals, but suggested deleting "disability" in 5.1(a) as it is repetitive.

New Zealand agreed with Canada that in 5.1(c) and 5.2(c) "image" should be replaced with "portray." Also, 5.2(d) should be moved to Article 4.

Norway voiced support for the EU's proposed amendment to 5.1(a), and supported the deletion of 5.2(d) since it is covered elsewhere.

Morocco defended the language in 5.1(a), "disability and PWD," and asserted that this was not redundant and suggested maintaining it in the text.

At this time the Chair gave the floor to NGOs

Save the Children Alliance supported the adjustments by Canada, South Africa, and Uganda and stressed the importance of this Article for children and young people. They emphasized the intrinsic value and contribution of all children and adults with disabilities, irrespective of their ability to socialize and their level of self-reliance. They stressed the importance of ensuring the inclusion of severe and multiply disabled persons. They proposed changes to 5.1(c), substituting "children and adults" for "persons," and "valuable" for "capable," and "in their own respect" inserted after "society." They also suggested a new subparagraph, 5.1(d), "combat patronizing, bullying and neglect on the basis of perceived incapacity of disabled children and adults in public services and society overall." Save the Children wished to ensure that governments work with children with disabilities, as well as adults, and suggested adding "including children" to the text of 5.2(d), to be inserted after "PWD."

European Disability Forum suggested that the title of Article 5 be changed to make reference to "awareness raising." It also proposed a paragraph on families, while recognizing that families can play both positive and negative roles in the lives of PWD.

World Blind Union suggested that below 5.1(b) there should be an additional paragraph concerning cultural diversity within the disabled community, using language such as "promote cultural diversity of PWD."

Thailand stated that it would have liked to bring attention in this instrument to people with "severe and multiple disabilities," but having heard from colleagues that specific disabilities should not be singled out, Thailand now supports the inclusion of the phrase "irrespective of types, severities, and complexities of disabilities" in 5.1(c).

ARTICLE 6: STATISTICS AND DATA COLLECTION

Kenya supported the inclusion in Article 6 of data collection, and emphasized its role in helping governments make decisions about the allocation of resources.

Uganda supported the inclusion of Article 6, which is appropriate and useful in providing for the rights of PWD. They proposed changing the title to "Collection and protection of statistics and data" to allay fears about the misuse of data.

Colombia stressed the importance of this Article to the international community. It also echoed concerns about the privacy of data and would like the title changed to a reformulation of "Collection and Protection."

South Africa supported this Article, especially the provision on respect for the right to privacy.

Japan in general supported the Article, but expressed concerns about dictating the statistical categories into much detail, as in 6(d) and 6(e), because each government has different concerns about information. Decisions about data should be left to individual countries.

Lebanon added that statistics should include at least age and sex, and suggested deleting type of disability and adding "and other relevant areas" at the end of 6(e) so as not to limit data collection to sectors that have been mentioned. After 6(d), in accordance with the move from a medical to a social model, Lebanon suggested "States should move away from statistical investigations that merely enumerate impairments that may become a statistical means of patronizing PWD." Lebanon also proposed adding a paragraph reading, "States Parties should include disability figures among the indicators to assess the development of the country reflecting the close link between poverty and disability when relevant," but it acknowledged that the paragraph might be included elsewhere in the Convention as well.

Eritrea considered this an important tool in implementing Article 4, which calls on States to adopt legislative and administrative measures. On the issue of privacy, Eritrea suggested that 6(a) could conclude with "should be treated with sensitivity," while deleting "on a voluntary basis."

Yemen clarified that when it speaks on behalf of the Arab Group, it does not block the members' right to speak for themselves. Yemen stated that the Arab Group cannot adopt measures without the availability of statistics, but that it is important to respect the secrecy and discretion of collection, referring to the protection of data in the title, while respecting the privacy issues that may vary among communities. Yemen stated that the details of disabilities should not be specified unless it is essential to have those details.

Ireland/EU questioned the need for this article, suggesting instead that the focus should be on the rights of persons with disabilities rather than on the policy making functions of States; however, the EU is now prepared to make a proposal about the gathering of information. States should not simply collect information for its own sake, and suggested that the paragraph start with "where necessary." The EU asserted that this Article should enable States to form policies and that it is insufficient to have a vague reference to privacy; rather, clear and legally established safeguards are needed to respect the privacy of persons with disabilities. The EU also affirmed that any process adopted by States should comply with international norms to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms and that such processes should be undertaken in collaboration with and following consultations with organizations of persons with disabilities. The EU opposed 6(d) and 6(e) for the reasons put forth by Japan.

Costa Rica agreed that this Article is important and should be retained. It proposed adding "and dissemination" after "codification" in the chapeau and changing all instances of the verb "should" to the variant "shall," as it is imperative to observe the privacy and dignity of persons with disabilities. Because it is necessary to collect data on place of domicile to judge the appropriateness of measures by governments, the phrase "and if it is located in rural or urban areas" should be appended to 6(d).

Mexico considered it important to include this Article so that all States can provide for all the rights of persons with disabilities. Data collection should be voluntary and confidential, and should include socioeconomic and biomedical information. States should be responsible for data and statistical collection. Mexico also stressed the need to establish mechanisms and norms to safeguard information.

Bahrain proposed that 6(d) include educational level and social status. It also suggested that 6(f) be redrafted so that families would be provided information, taking into account confidentiality in data collection.

Sierra Leone supported the inclusion of this Article with an amendment of the title to read "Collection and protection of statistics and data." Like all tools, information can be misused, but items 6(b), 6(d), and 6(f) contain certain principles to act as safeguards so that the tool could not be misused. Sierra Leone supported prohibiting unauthorized access, and ensuring voluntarism, confidentiality, and anonymity. It also supported Costa Rica's amendments as a whole, but would not insist that 6(d) reference age, sex, or type of disability, because adding new data requirements might open a "Pandora's Box."

Algeria expressed its support for keeping the Article's present wording, except the listing of examples of other aspects of the lives of PWD. They commented that this looks like an exhaustive list, and that others could be added, e.g., health care, social security, rehabilitation programs, housing, employment, medical, training, etc. Algeria stated that it is preparing a proposal, which it will distribute.

India supported the EU proposal in its entirety.

Philippines proposed exchanging the words "should encourage" with "shall include in their data gathering program the collection of..." in the chapeau. It recommended an additional paragraph: "States Parties should provide a conducive environment that would encourage non-governmental organizations and the private sector to conduct research and studies on the issues of concern to persons with disabilities."

Egypt, responding to Bahrain, stated that families will not receive, but instead will provide, information.

Colombia supported amendments by Mexico and Costa Rica and suggested adding the recent initiative taken by Philippines regarding the role of NGOs.

Thailand supported the EU proposals regarding the Article's content but opposed the EU suggestion to consolidate it with Article 25.

Jordan agreed with the EU that more is needed than data and statistics, and thus proposed moving this to Article 25 on research, monitoring, and evaluation. Jordan stated that this Article would serve all other articles. States should include disability in their national censuses. Jordan asserted that 6(a) and 6(f) refer to norms and ethics of research, and that they can be combined into a general statement; and that 6(c) and 6(d) are redundant and could be deleted.

Canada supported the substance of the EU proposal.

The Chair concluded the delegates' discussion of Article 6 and moved on to NGOs.

International Rehabilitation Center supported moving the Article to the end of the text where there are concrete provisions. It underlined the importance of data gathering not only to develop policies but also to support following up on those policies. Data collected should be made accessible. The Convention should specifically address privacy concerns. Disabled peoples' organizations should always be involved in the design, gathering, and follow-up of statistical activities. While several delegations believe this data should be broken down by sex and age categories, IRC believes that indigenous peoples should also be included. International cooperation should be encouraged on this issue so as to generate uniformity in states efforts.

Disabled Peoples' International stressed the importance of Article 6, as too often countries fail to implement programs beneficial to persons with disabilities because of a lack of supporting data. This is noted in Rule 13 of the Standard Rules, and by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in its reporting guidelines to States Parties. DPI stated that in particular 6(c) needs to stress working in partnerships. DPI suggested that 6(a), 6(b) and 6(f) be grouped together in order to avoid repetition. DPI also suggested that this Article be moved further down in the treaty to better reflect its character as an implementation measure.

Afternoon Session
Commenced: 3:20 PM
Adjourned: 5:59 PM

ARTICLE 6: STATISTICS AND DATA COLLECTION (CONT).

International Labor Organization welcomed the provision on statistics and data collection. It accepted the addition of the word "information" as long as it is clear that information will be used for planning and resource allocation and not solely for monitoring. The introduction should call on States Parties to ensure to the extent possible that national population censuses, and labor force and other household surveys should gather information on PWD. It should also include a provision for the dissemination of statistics. Like DPI, it suggested that 6(a), 6(b), and 6(f) be combined because they are interrelated. Confidentiality and anonymity is important not only in data collection, but in dissemination. The second phrase of section 6(a) should be deleted because census participation is mandatory in many States. Section 6(d) should require internationally comparable categories.

PWD Australia/NACLC/Australian Federation of Disability Organizations supported Article 6, but statistics and data collection are not human rights; they are operational and should therefore appear at the end of the Convention. Statistics are important for policy development, planning, and evaluation. The opening paragraph needs to reference planning and evaluation, making it clear that States are obligated to collect, analyze and codify statistics on disability. A requirement should be added for making disability statistics publicly available. Another new paragraph should promote the development, through international cooperation, of consistent statistic collection methodologies.

The UN Special Rapporteur for Disability emphasized the importance of statistics, without which decision-makers may choose simplistic approaches to the treatment of PWD. The term "promote" in the first paragraph is not strong enough to create awareness. Awareness should be strengthened through suitable policies.

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry urged specific provisions to protect data collection in 7(a) and 7(b), rather than the EU's language. Clause 7(c) needs to say the preferred method of design and data collection is in partnership with PWD because this not only creates better data, but also this helps create disability movement.

National Human Rights Institutions supported the EU language because it has more legal safeguards for privacy and confidentiality. It suggested an amendment to delete "where necessary" from the chapeau, because it allows too much discretion. It proposed an amendment to 6(c) reading: "to ensure that the collection of information is done in partnership with PWD, their respective organizations, and all other relevant stakeholders." It also supported retaining this as a separate article.

Yemen clarified that there is no consensus in the Arab Group regarding the consolidation of Article 6 and Article 25.

ARTICLE 7: EQUALITY AND NONDISCRIMINATION

Mexico supported the EU proposal because the WG's Article 7 deals more with non-discrimination than equality; separating the two issues is essential as is done in CEDAW. Non-discrimination guarantees equality. Equality before the law is formal, requiring equal treatment. No one should be treated differently because of disability. Non-discrimination is a duty to refrain from something, whereas equality in dignity, rights and social opportunities is a part of democratic society. Non-discrimination is an obligation to provide positive measures. Mexico asked whether non-discrimination and equality should be two separate articles, and whether non-discrimination is incorporated in other Articles. It asked the EU whether the chapeau should include references to gender, race, language, etc., and whether or why this reference should be moved to the preamble which is legally weaker. Mexico also asked the about the EU's proposed new chapeau regarding direct and indirect discrimination. It asked for more clarification regarding the concept of direct and indirect discrimination. It noted that States may establish criteria which is legitimate and justified, and therefore not discriminatory; but raised a concern about the possibility of States abusing that discretion. Mexico suggested that 7(4) should be in a separate article dealing with all aspects of equality. It suggested adding provisions for compensatory measures, similar to provisions in other human rights documents.

Ireland answered Mexico's questions. The EU proposal would delete other discrimination categories. It suggested instead that problems of multiple discrimination be recognized in the Preamble.

Direct and indirect discrimination need to clear. There can be no exceptions to the prohibition against direct discrimination, but the WG's Article 3 could allow direct discrimination. There are circumstances where a neutral provision may have a discriminatory impact, but it has a legitimate aim. It stressed that an exception to indirect discrimination must be limited, have an objective, legitimate purpose, and means which are appropriate and necessary.

Reasonable accommodation (RA) must have a clear definition because there is confusion about this term. Reasonable accommodations are "necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to PWD the enjoyment or exercise on an equal footing of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, unless such measures would impose a disproportionate burden." It is an individualized concept. For private institutions, there may be limited exceptions to the duty to provide reasonable accommodations, if the costs are too high. Ireland supported special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality as they apply in other Conventions.

South Africa and the African Group will submit proposed language regarding discrimination.

Japan suggested changing the WG language in 7.1 from "any discrimination" to "all forms of discrimination." In 7.2(b), it sees no difference between direct and indirect discrimination, nor actual or perceived discrimination. In 7.3, it suggested adding at the end of the sentence "and consistent with international human rights law." Regarding 7.5, Japan pointed out that although other Conventions' provisions have a sunset clause, some provisions do not -- for example, the instrument on maternity in CEDAW does not have a sunset clause. It wants no sunset clause in this Convention.

China suggested deleting the last sentence in 7.1 because all other kinds of discriminations are covered by other Conventions and could cause unnecessary confusion.

Canada suggested in 7.1 adding "and under the law" after the word "before" and adding "and equal benefit of the law," after "equal protection." It would add "ethnic" to the list of prohibited discrimination, as in Article 2.1 of CRC. Change the words "on an equal footing" in 7.2(a) to "on a basis of equality with others." The definition of perceived disability in 7.2(b) should be based on society's perception. After "systemic," the following words should be inserted: "and shall also include discrimination based on an actual disability or a disability that is perceived or attributed by society." It supported Japan's proposal for 7.3. In 7.5, "special measures" could be changed to "positive measures." Regarding the EU proposal regarding direct and indirect discrimination (7.3), it is a very difficult distinction to make in practice. If this section stays, it should apply to both kinds of discrimination to avoid focusing on differences between the two.

Israel suggested adding to 7.1, "such" before "discrimination" so it is clear it relates to disability discrimination. It also supported deleting the second sentence of 7.1 because it may infer that PWD are not entitled to rights under human rights instruments. To 7.2(a), after "exclusion or restriction," add "condition, act, or policy" because it needs to include all acts which may discriminate. In addition, past disability needs to be included by adding "past" after "actual." In 7.4 change the term "to provide" to "to ensure" because in the private sector the State has no direct control, but States may still legislate. Also in 7.4, after "disproportionate burden," the following words should be added: "In determining whether the burden in question is disproportionate, consideration should be given to all relevant factors including the availability of state funding for the purpose of making accommodations." It agreed with the balanced formulation of 7.5, but suggested adding "affirmative action" or "positive discrimination." Add to the end of 7.5, "Nothing in this article shall prevent limiting the scope of special measures on a rational basis in accordance with the severity of the disability."

Lebanon supported deleting the sunset provision from 7.5.

New Zealand suggested adding, along with distinction, exclusion, or restriction, the discriminatory nature of additional obligations or burdens on people with disabilities. This is included in New Zealand's national law.

Columbia stated that if special measures are mentioned, this should refer to affirmative action.

Thailand expressed concern that 7.3 is too blurry and may tend to legitimate discrimination so it suggested deletion. It favored the term affirmative action rather than positive discrimination.

Australia agreed that the last sentence of 7.1 should be deleted. In 7.2(b), it suggested adding "imputed" before "perceived" and after "disability"; and adding "or by association with PWD." It agreed 7.3 should be deleted. Under 7.4, replace "disproportionate burden" to "unless such measures would impose an unjustifiable hardship." Equality is the goal, but it is given effect by non-discrimination.

Jordan suggested that 7.2(a) and (b), because they are definitions, should be moved to Article 3. Because 7.4 is similar to 4.1(a), general obligations, it should be moved there.

China supported keeping 7.3 and if necessary merging 7.3 and 7.5 into one paragraph. The term "disproportionate burden" is not clear; it prefers using "unreasonable difficulties."

Argentina pointed out that Articles 7 through 18 and Article 24 of the WG draft are re-writes of other treaties which are ratified. It proposed adopting general principles and State obligations as was done in CEDAW. Specifically in 7.2, this is the language in CEDAW which could be used: "For the purpose of the present Convention the term discrimination against PWD shall mean any distinction, exclusion, or restriction made on the basis of disability which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by PWD on a basis of equality of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political economic, social, cultural civil or any other field."

Yemen opposed linking Article 4 (general obligations) and Article 7 (measures to protect PWD from discrimination). No distinction should be made between direct and indirect discrimination because there are too many interpretations of these terms. Footnote 26 could be placed as a final paragraph in Article 7. In 7.4, add the term "commitment." The last part of 7.5 should be deleted.

Costa Rica agreed with Canada and Argentina. It suggested adding to Argentina's "fields," public, private, and family. It supported deleting 7.3. Reasonable accommodation corresponds to individuals and the term "adequate" should be added to "appropriate." Disproportionate burden should not be added because this would add an economic element which may be counter to the rights of PWD. It supported the EU proposal which replaces 7.1 if, after "discrimination" was added "in every field including multiple discrimination." If RA is linked to economic considerations, this may nullify protections from discrimination.

NGOs were then heard regarding Article 7.

EDF / WBU / WNUSP spoke about the difference between equality and non-discrimination. Non-discrimination is a means to equality. The AHC needs to decide if one or two Articles are needed. A failure of RA is discrimination as in the ECSR (comment 5). RA needs a clear definition. It cannot be imposed on PWD, it is individualized, and must be effective in its purpose. Disproportionate burden is a difficult concept because it could be used to discriminate; therefore RA needs to be qualified by type of entity, size of entity, financial capacity and the cost of the RA. This Convention needs to limit the exceptions to RA. The issue of exceptions to direct and indirect discrimination becomes complicated due to the two proposals on the table. The EU's definition is workable for some countries, but not for all. The compromise in WG was to mention, but not define these terms. Defining direct/indirect discrimination could cause more problems. The burden of proof must be on the public entity to prove that it has not discriminated. A separate paragraph is needed about who is covered by anti-discrimination; this should include people perceived as having a disability, people associated with PWD, people with a past history of disability, and those who are genetically predisposed to disability. Special measures may need to be dealt with differently for people with disabilities than for other groups. While some positive action measures, such as quotas, may be short term, there are many measures which are not temporary. For example assistive technology and respite care are not temporary, and do lead to equality.

Rehabilitation International supported the WG draft's original title for Article 7, "Equality and non-discrimination." Non-discrimination is a tool for equal enjoyment of rights. RI does not support the EU's alternative. The language in 7.2(a) will bring this document in line with CEDAW. Additions should be made to 7.2(b) to extend non-discrimination to those with a record of disability, and to those associated with PWD. The concept of indirect discrimination may not translate to other areas. The addition of the term "legitimate aim" is too broad to be useful; 7.2(a) is better worded. If "legitimate aim" is used, Japan's qualifications should be included. Disproportionate burden should be tied to state aid. The term "positive action" is preferable to "special measures." Paragraph 7.3 should be deleted.

LSN supported the title in the WG's draft. Equality and non-discrimination is consistent with other treaties. The term "indirect discrimination" should be defined clearly in the Convention. The EU language in the new Article 3.2(b) should be adopted. Paragraph 7.3 should be deleted because it is not in any other Convention and review standards can be created by the monitoring body. If 7.3 is left in the Convention, the Convention should also incorporate the language changes proposed by Canada, Japan, Yemen and EDF. LSN supported Canada's language change in 7.2(a), because it would remove the words "on an equal footing" which amputees and other PWD find inappropriate.

NACLC/People with Disabilities Australia Incorporated/Australian Federation of Disability Organizations stated that equality must have a central position in this Convention. It supported the removal of equality from Article 7 only if equality is placed as a general obligation in Article 4 or as separate Article. The organization of the Article could be improved. It suggests beginning the Article by prohibiting discrimination, then requiring RA in State and non-State entities and clearly stating the failure to provide RA is discrimination. Only narrow exceptions, such as for public order, should be allowed, and only with the understanding that all other human rights instruments and non-discrimination provisions apply to PWD. These exceptions should be subject to the least restrictive alternative and active measures by PWD are voluntary. Direct and indirect discrimination, RA, and active special measures should be defined. Systemic discrimination is subsumed under indirect discrimination, but indirect discrimination must be defined. The Bangkok draft's definition would serve. Discrimination includes suspected, imputed, assumed, possible disability, association with PWD, past disability or effects of past disability and characteristics of a disability.

DPI noted that RA is more fully developed in footnote 27. As expressed in the EDF's statement, DPI is concerned that there is no clear identified position that the denial of RA constitutes discrimination. It asks the AHC to clarify RA because unmet accommodation needs lead to exclusion and the inability to participate in all areas of life. The ESCR's General Comment 5 may be helpful.

World Federation of the Deaf supported EDF and others. Even though discrimination on other bases such as race and gender are covered by other Conventions, these often do not help PWD, and multiple discrimination continues. WFD supported the existing language in 7.1 and notes that a list of prohibited forms of discrimination, such as in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, could be included.. For example, language discrimination is prohibited in other Conventions; however, deaf children are punished for using sign language. Disabled girls are discriminated doubly and some disability groups are discriminated more than others. WFD supported Canada's addition of the term "ethnic."

Inclusion International supported the EU and the concepts of RA and undue hardship. Children need to be highlighted in this section because discrimination against children is a concern.

National Human Rights Institutions supported the deletion of 7.3 because it allows for too much discretion by States and it does not appear in any other Convention. It suggested deleting "disproportionate burden" so that States will not renege on their obligations.

ARTICLE 8: RIGHT TO LIFE

Yemen agrees completely with Article 8. It recommended a second paragraph: "States Parties shall, in accordance to their obligations in the context of international law and the Universal Declaration of human rights and international treaties and conventions for the protection of civilians from armed conflicts, take all necessary measures to guarantee the protection and care for persons with disabilities that are affected by armed conflicts or are refugees or are internally displaced persons."

China stated that the right to life by PWD is protected and respected which means those who have been born and living on this earth. In order to control its population and relieve burdens on its society, China practices family planning. This policy protects PWD. China questioned the necessity of including this Article in the Convention.

Ireland stated that the EU supported Article 8 after a very difficult discussion. The EU does not support any additions.

South Africa stated that right to life was needed for the Convention to be comprehensive. However, right to life is in other instruments. It does not support any additions to this article.

Colombia supported keeping this article with no changes.

Argentina stated that right to life is dealt with in other instruments. If it is necessary to include it, the CRC language may be helpful: "States Parties recognize that any disabled person has an inherent right to life."

Norway agrees that this is a difficult issue and supported the original Article 8 with no changes.

Costa Rica endorsed Argentina's recently stated view, that the right to life is inherent to everyone and if a specific mention is included in this Convention, it may open a Pandora's Box. Given the Committee's general support for this inclusion Costa Rica suggested alternative language as follows: "States Parties reaffirm the inherent right to life of all persons and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities." The existing draft article may create a distinction that is not there; everyone has same rights and obligations, not just PWD. In addition Costa Rica calls for an additional Article for "Populations in Special Risk" such as in situations of armed conflict, natural disasters and extreme poverty. Draft language for this article will be distributed later.

Uganda supported the original Article 8 and supported the added paragraph about armed conflict. Its suggested language is as follows: "In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect civilian population in armed conflicts and risk situations, States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure the protection and care of all persons with disabilities who are affected by armed conflicts."

The Holy See attaches great importance to this article and its role in this Convention. Although the Right to Life is recognized in other instruments, PWD are a specific group with specific issues. The voices of PWD should be heard in this, because of their lived experiences related to the denial of this right.

Mexico stated its preference for Article 8 in the original WG, but may support adding a second paragraph.

Nicaragua supported Article 8 as drafted and favors second paragraph regarding armed conflict.

Japan supported the original text. Regarding the addition addressing armed conflict, it may support it, but inclusion may change the intent of the Article. It may be better under another Article.

India supported the addition of a right to survival, as follows: States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of PWD.

Kenya supported this Article as written. It also supported an armed conflict and natural disaster addition. This is important to developing countries faced with civil strife.

Jordan supported the Article as it is and suggested adding at the end of the sentence "in particular in situations of armed conflicts and natural disasters, in accordance with international law, human rights, refugee, and international humanitarian law."

Lebanon believes a separate article is needed so that Article 8 will not be diluted.

Eritrea supported the addition of a new paragraph regarding armed conflict since PWD are under much greater risk.

NACLC/People with Disabilities Australia Incorporated/Australian Federation of Disability Organizations supported retaining the content of the existing draft article with an additional statement elaborating on rights related to the specific circumstances of PWD. "These measures shall include enacting measures to discourage the elimination of unborn children on the basis of their actual, suspected, imputed, assumed or possible future disability by providing pre-natal information and post-natal support to parents of children with disability, prohibiting state and non-state actors from limiting or abusing social assistance on equal terms with others on the basis of a parental decision to bear a child with a disability, the provision of life sustaining and life enhancing medical and social interventions that will ensure survival of PWD, enacting protections against violence, abuse and neglect of PWD, eliminating policies and practices that result in segregation and isolation of PWD." In addition, genetic engineering presents a fundamental eugenic threat to many impairment groups.

Inclusion International expressed its concern over the role of genetic engineering, noting that PWD are a part of human diversity and bring unique contributions through their disability. "Don't prevent us, include us."

World Federation of the DeafBlind recommended changing the title to the Right to Life, Survival and Development" with the following additional language: "States parties shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by women, men, girls and boys in all stages of life." Supporting the Indian position there should be a second paragraph: "The right to life includes the right to survive". The additional third paragraph would state: "Disability must not become a justification for determination of life."

The Ad Hoc Committee Daily Summaries are published by the Landmine Survivors Network, a US based international organization with amputee support networks in 6 mine affected / developing countries. They cover the proceedings of the UN Ad Hoc Committee elaborating a Convention on the human rights of people with disabilities.

The Summaries will posted on line by 10 am the following day at www.worldenable.net, http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/ahc3summary.htm. They will be translated into Spanish (Disabled Peoples' International at http://www.dpi.org/sp/resources/topics/convencion/boletines04.htm), French (Handicap International), and Japanese (DINF - webmaster@dinf.ne.jp).

For questions, write to zahabia@landminesurvivors.org. Reporters for the Third Session are Margaret Holt, Robin Stephens, Julia White; Editors are Zahabia Adamaly and Laura Hershey; Anny Gaul is the Production Assistant.

The Landmine Survivors Network extends its gratitude to the Missions of New Zealand, Mexico and Thailand for supporting the production of the Daily Summaries at the 3rd AHC. We continue to seek additional financial or in-kind contributions; for more information please contact zahabia@landminesurvivors.org