Figure 1. Flows of funds from international and national financing sources to sustainable development

Domestic Enabling Environment and Policy Framework

Sources *

• National public sources
• National private sources
• International public sources **
• International private sources

Intermediaris and direct investors

Public institutions, e.g.

• Governments
• National and regional development banks
• Bi- and multilateral aid agencies
• International financial institutions

Blended institutions, e.g.

• Innovative partnerships, e. g. Global Health Funds, potential public-private infrastructure funds

Private investors

Investors with long-term liablities, e.g.

• Pension funds
• Life insurance
• Sovereign wealth founds ***

Investors with short and medium term liablities, e.g.

• Banks
• Cooperative banks
• Mutual funds
• Hedge funds

Instruments, e.g.

• Domestic public spending
• Grants
• Subsidies
• Loans
  • Concessional
  • Non-Concessional
• PPPs
• Guarantees
• Bank loans
• Money markets
• Bonds
• Equities
• Derivatives

Goals and Uses

National

(e.g. poverty/social needs and investments in national development)

Economic⇔Environmental⇔Social⇔Economic (relationship with one another)

International

(e.g. global public goods)

International Enabling Environment

(including fair-trading system, macroeconomic stablity, etc.)